Table 4 Multilevel parameter estimates and adjusted odds of teenage pregnancy, DHS 2001–2018, Zambia

Intercept

0.41 (0.39,0.43)***

0.06 (0.03,0.12)***

0.06 (0.03, 0.12)***

Survey year

 2001

Ref.

Ref.

 2007

2.58 (1.98, 3.34)***

2.57 (1.98, 3.34)***

 2014

1.77 (1.42, 2.21)***

1.79 (1.43, 2.23)***

2018

1.55 (1.24, 1.94)***

1.57 (1.26, 1.96)***

Age

 15

Ref.

Ref.

 16

1.90 (1.40, 2.58)***

1.89 (1.39, 2.57)***

 17

3.33 (2.46, 4.52)***

3.33 (2.45, 4.51)***

 18

4.93 (3.65, 6.65)***

4.91 (3.64, 6.73)***

 19

8.72 (6.34, 12.00)***

8.72 (6.34, 11.98)***

Educational level

 No education

Ref.

Ref.

 Primary

1.09 (0.73, 1.63)^ns

1.09 (0.73, 1.64)^ns

 Secondary or higher

0.94 (0.59, 1.48)^ns

0.94 (0.59, 1.51)^ns

Literacy

 Illiterate

Ref.

Ref.

 Literate

0.78 (0.63, 0.97)*

0.78 (0.64, 0.96)*

Employment status

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.20 (1.02, 1.41)*

1.21 (1.02, 1.42)*

Wealth quintile

 Poorest

Ref.

Ref.

 Poorer

0.85 (0.67, 1.07)

0.84 (0.66, 1.07)

 Middle

0.76 (0.60, 0.96)*

0.76 (0.59, 0.96)*

 Richer

0.75 (0.59, 0.96)*

0.73 (0.55, 0.96)*

 Richest

0.40 (0.30, 0.53)***

0.38 (0.27, 0.52)***

Marital status

 Never married

Ref.

Ref.

 Married

7.53 (6.12, 9.26)***

7.71 (6.31, 9.52)***

 Formerly married

4.64 (2.79, 7.72)***

4.60 (2.76, 7.66)***

Knows of ovulation period

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.60 (1.34, 1.89)***

1.58 (1.34, 1.90)***

Age at first sex

 10–14

Ref.

Ref.

 15–17

0.70(0.58,0.83)***

0.69(0.58,83)***

 18–19

0.23(0.17,0.31)***

0.22(0.17,0.31)***

Knowledge of FP method

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.54 (0.94, 2.56)

1.49 (0.90, 2.45)

Exposure to media FP messages

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

0.69 (0.58, 0.82)***

0.66 (0.55, 0.80)***

Visited health facility last 12 months

 No

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

3.92 (3.41, 4.61)***

3.92 (3.37, 4.57)***

Contextual variables

 Place of residence

  Urban

Ref.

  Rural

0.94 (0.76, 1.14)^ns

 Community education

  Low

Ref.

  High

0.99 (0.83, 1.18)^ns

 Community poverty

  Low

Ref.

  High

1.10 (0.91, 1.33)^ns

 Community media FP exposure

  Low

Ref.

  High

0.82 (0.70, 0.96)*

 Random effects

  Variance (SE)

0.39 (0.05)

0.33 (0.09)

0.30 (0.13)

  VPC (%)

10.60

8.96

8.36

  BIC

12,366.0

4972.0

4944.5