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Table 2 Depression symptoms prevalence by individual, family, and community-level characteristics

From: Socio-ecological factors associated with probable depression among pregnant and parenting adolescent girls: findings from a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso and Malawi

Variables

Malawi

Burkina Faso

Not depressed

% (CI)

Probably depressed

% (CI)

Not depressed

% (CI)

Probably depressed

% (CI)

All

85.5 (82.5–87.9)

14.5 (12.1–17.5)

81.2 (78.3–83.7)

18.8 (16.3–21.7)

Age

 13–16

86.5 (77.9–92.1)

13.5 (7.9–22.1)

77.6 (65.0–86.6)

22.4 (13.4–35.0)

 17

84.9 (77.8–90.0)

15.1 (10.0–22.2)

70.8 (61.3–78.9)

29.2 (21.1–38.7)

 18

84.6 (78.9–88.9)

15.4 (11.1–21.1)

82.6 (77.5–86.7)

17.4 (13.3–22.5)

 19

86.1 (81.1–89.9)

13.9 (10.1–18.9)

83.4 (79.3–86.8)

16.6 (13.2–20.7)

Education level

 Primary or less

83.3 (79.4–86.5)

16.7 (13.5–20.6)

82.6 (78.7–86.0)

17.4 (14.0–21.3)

 Secondary

89.6 (85.0–92.9)

10.4 (7.1–15.0)

79.6 (75.2–83.3)

20.4 (16.7–24.8)

Marital status

 Married

90.2 (86.3–93.0)

9.8 (7.0–13.7)

83.4 (80.3–86.1)

16.6 (13.9–19.7)

 Separated

78.5 (68.1–86.2)

21.5 (13.8–31.9)

73.4 (59.9–83.6)

26.6 (16.4–40.1)

 Single

82.3 (77.4–86.3)

17.7 (13.7–22.6)

74.6 (66.7–81.1)

25.4 (18.9–33.3)

Ever worked for pay

 Yes

80.4 (74.2–85.4)

19.6 (14.6–25.8)

78.3 (73.2–83.7)

21.7 (17.3–26.8)

 No

87.5 (84.1–90.3)

12.5 (9.7–15.9)

82.8 (79.4–85.8)

17.2 (14.2–20.6)

Orphanhood status

 Double orphan

79.5 (64.0–89.5)

20.5 (10.5–36.0)

73.1 (58.6–83.9)

26.9 (16.1–41.4)

 Single orphan

81.4 (75.0–86.4)

18.6 (13.6–25.0)

78.0 (71.0–83.7)

22.0 (16.3–29.0)

 Non-orphan

87.6 (84.2–90.4)

12.4 (9.6–15.8)

82.7 (79.5–85.6)

17.3 (14.4–20.5)

Living with both parents

 Not living with both parents

85.7 (81.7–88.9)

14.3 (11.1–18.3)

81.5 (78.4–84.3)

18.5 (15.7–21.6)

 Living with one parent

83.8 (77.7–88.4)

16.2 (11.6–22.3)

76.6 (63.4–86.1)

23.4 (13.9–36.6)

 Living with both parents

86.9 (80.7–91.3)

13.1 (8.7–19.3)

81.5 (71.0–88.8)

18.5 (11.2–29.0)

Residence

 Rural

83.3 (78.3–87.3)

16.7 (12.7–21.7)

84.4 (80.5–87.7)

15.6 (12.3–19.5)

 Urban

86.8 (83.1–89.8)

13.2 (10.2–16.9)

80.4 (77.0–83.4)

19.6 (16.6–23.0)

Parental support

 Good

89.0 (85.6–91.6)

11.0 (8.4–14.4)

85.3 (82.2–87.9)

14.7 (12.1–17.8)

 Fair

77.5 (69.7–83.8)

22.5 (16.2–30.3)

72.8 (64.1–80.1)

27.2 (19.9–35.9)

 Poor

82.4 (65.8–91.9)

17.6 (8.1–34.2)

63.5 (52.7–73.1)

36.5 (26.9–47.3)

 No support

81.6 (71.4–88.7)

18.4 (11.3–28.6)

100.0

0.0

Friends support

 Good

91.7 (86.2–95.1)

8.3 (4.9–13.8)

89.0 (83.9–92.6)

11.0 (7.4–16.1)

 Fair

82.7 (75.4–88.1)

17.3 (11.9–24.6)

82.6 (78.4–86.2)

17.4 (13.8–21.6)

 Poor

85.4 (76.0–91.6)

14.6 (8.4- 24.0)

60.6 (46.8–72.9)

39.4 (27.1–53.2)

 No support

83.5 (78.9–87.3)

16.5 (12.7–21.1)

75.5 (68.8–81.1)

24.5 (18.9–31.2)

Partner support

 Good

89.6 (86.1–92.2)

10.4 (7.8–13.9)

86.7 (82.8–89.8)

13.3 (10.2–17.2)

 Fair

78.9 (70.5–85.4)

21.1 (14.6–29.5)

80.4 (75.4–84.5)

19.6 (15.5–24.6)

 Poor

75.7 (61.2–86.0)

24.3 (14.0–38.8)

61.5 (48.9–72.8)

38.5 (27.2–51.1)

 No support

80.2 (71.3–86.8)

19.8 (13.2–28.7)

70.7 (59.1–80.1)

29.3 (19.9–40.9)

Belonging to a social group

 Yes

83.9 (79.0–87.8)

16.1 (12.2–21.0)

81.0 (76.7–84.6)

19.0 (15.4–23.3)

 No

86.5 (82.8–89.5)

13.5 (10.5–17.2)

81.4 (77.4–84.8)

18.6 (15.2–22.6)

Marital status at the time of pregnancy

 Single

83.9 (80.5–86.7)

16.1 (13.3–19.5)

76.0 (71.9–79.8)

24.0 (20.2–28.1)

 Engaged

93.1 (63.7–99.0)

6.9 (1.0–36.3)

79.8 (61.5–90.7)

20.2 (9.3–38.5)

 Married

92.0 (85.3–95.8)

8.0 (4.2–14.7)

88.5 (84.6–91.5)

11.5 (8.5–15.4)

Personal reaction to pregnancy

 Scared

84.4 (78.3–89.0)

15.6 (11.0–21.7)

77.9 (72.7–82.4)

22.1 (17.6–27.3)

 Happy

90.8 (85.7–94.2)

9.2 (5.8–14.3)

87.3 (83.3–90.4)

12.7 (9.6–16.7)

 Disappointed

82.8 (78.1–86.8)

17.2 (13.3–21.9)

74.5 (67.4–80.4)

25.5 (19.6–32.6)

Birth status

 Ever given birth/has at least one child

84.7 (77.7–89.8)

15.3 (10.2–22.3)

73.9 (68.0–79.1)

26.1 (20.9–32.0)

 Still pregnant/never gave birth

85.7 (82.3–88.4)

14.3 (11.6–17.7)

84.1 (80.9–86.9)

15.9 (13.1–19.1)

Exposed to IPV

 Yes

73.2 (70.8–80.9)

23.8 (19.1–29.2)

77.9 (74.4–81.0)

22.1 (19.0–25.6)

 No

91.6 (88.4–93.9)

8.4 (6.1–11.6)

91.4 (86.6–94.7)

8.6 (5.3–13.4)

Neighborhood safety

5.40(5.30–5.49)

4.86(4.63–5.09)

4.73(4.61–4.84)

4.15(3.91–4.40)

Social assets and safety nets

4.10(3.94- 4.26)

4.01(3.63–4.39)

4.85(4.72–4.98)

4.32(4.04–4.59)

  1. *Mean differences were computed for “neighborhood safety” and “social assets and safety net