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Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression models showing individual, family and friend, and community-level factors associated with depression symptoms among pregnant and parenting girls

From: Socio-ecological factors associated with probable depression among pregnant and parenting adolescent girls: findings from a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso and Malawi

Variables

Malawi

Burkina Faso

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

Age

 13–16

1

1

1

1

 17

1.12 (0.52–2.43)

2.22 (0.94–5.21)

1.37 (0.68–2.73)

1.86 (0.87–4.02)

 18

1.17 (0.57–2.40)

2.84 (1.24–6.49)*

0.78 (0.41–1.48)

1.14 (0.55–2.37)

 19

1.04 (0.51–2.10)

3.02 (1.33–6.87)**

0.69 (0.37–1.28)

1.24 (0.61–2.54)

Marital status

 Married

1

1

1

1

 Separated

2.53 (1.31–4.88)**

1.62 (0.77–3.41)

2.01 (1.09–3.68)*

1.08 (0.48–2.42)

 Single

2.03 (1.25–3.29)**

1.73 (0.89–3.36)

1.86 (1.24–2.79)**

0.76 (0.43–1.34)

Highest level of education

 Primary or less

1

1

1

1

 Secondary

0.58 (0.35–0.95)*

0.47 (0.27–0.82)**

1.39 (1.004–1.93)*

1.34 (0.91–2.02)

Marital status at the time of pregnancy

 Single

1

1

1

 

 Engaged

0.37 (0.05–2.82)

0.43 (0.05–3.32)

0.75 (0.32–1.75)

1.40 (0.51–3.83)

 Married

0.44 (0.21–0.89)*

0.76 (0.29–1.98)

0.42 (0.29–0.60)***

0.65 (0.30–1.43)

Personal reaction to pregnancy

 Scared

1

1

1

1

 Happy

0.53 (0.28–1.01)

0.89 (0.39–2.04)

0.51 (0.34–0.75)***

1.01 (0.54–1.89)

 Disappointed

1.12 (0.68–1.84)

1.00 (0.58–1.73)

1.26 (0.84–1.89)

0.79 (0.49–1.26)

Birth status

 No birth/still pregnant

1

1

1

1

 Ever birthed/has at least one child

0.94 (0.56–1.57)

0.60 (0.33–1.10)

0.55 (0.39–0.76)***

0.65 (0.44–0.94)*

Exposed to IPV

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

3.44 (2.19–5.39)***

2.87 (1.77–4.66)***

2.72 (1.64–4.49)***

2.17 (1.23–3.82)**

Parent's reaction

 Happy

1

1

1

1

 Upset

2.60 (1.30–5.20)**

1.38 (0.45–4.21)

2.30 (1.59–3.32)***

0.67 (0.29–1.57)

 Neutral

1.95 (0.86–4.45)

0.84 (0.27–2.57)

2.47 (1.42–4.29)**

0.88 (0.37–2.07)

Friend's reaction

 Happy

1

1

1

1

 Upset

2.15 (1.01–4.58)*

1.12 (0.40–3.17)

4.34 (2.55–7.38)***

1.99 (0.99–3.99)

 Neutral

1.83 (0.90–3.72)

0.90 (0.34–2.37)

2.12 (1.44–3.09)***

1.09 (0.64–1.85)

Partner's reaction

 Happy

1

1

1

1

 Denied

2.13 (1.14–4.00)*

1.09 (0.44–2.72)

5.22 (3.18–8.57)***

3.14 (1.34–7.11)**

 Upset

0.99 (0.51–1.93)

0.58 (0.26–1.27)

2.76 (1.75–4.35)***

1.52 (0.83–2.79)

 Neutral

1.45 (0.85–2.48)

1.16 (0.60–2.25)

1.31 (0.72–2.38)

0.78 (0.38–1.59)

Parental support

 Good

1

1

1

1

 Fair

2.37 (1.44–3.93)***

1.95 (1.08–3.52)*

1.47 (1.002–2.17)*

1.19 (0.75–1.89)

 No/Poor

1.83 (1.03–3.24)*

1.59 (0.82–3.10)

3.25 (2.12–4.99)***

2.08 (1.22–3.55)**

Friends support

 Good

1

1

1

1

 Fair

2.32 (1.13–4.76)*

1.36 (0.61–3.07)

1.62 (1.01–2.60)*

1.04 (0.61–1.77)

No/poor

2.11 (1.12–3.96)*

1.17 (0.54–2.55)

2.94 (1.83–4.74)***

1.49 (0.85–2.64)

Partner support

 Good

1

1

1

1

 Fair

2.34 (1.34–4.09)**

1.23 (0.64–2.37)

2.46 (1.61–3.74)***

1.78 (1.02–3.09)*

 No/poor

2.43 (1.47–4.02)***

1.37 (0.68–2.76)

3.38 (2.12–5.39)***

1.21 (0.58–2.52)

Neighborhood safety

0.71 (0.60–0.83)***

0.74 (0.61–0.89)**

0.82 (0.75–0.90)***

0.81 (0.73–0.90)***

Social assets and safety nets

0.98 (0.88–1.07)

0.94 (0.82–1.06)

0.87 (0.80–0.94)***

0.87 (0.78–0.96)**

  1. Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001