Table 3 Multilevel logistics regression models showing individual-, household-, and community-level factors associated with IPV

Age

 13–16

1

1

 17

0.63 (0.35–1.15)

0.69 (0.37–1.27)

 18

0.59 (0.34–1.05)

0.65 (0.36–1.16)

 19

0.45 (0.26–0.79)*

0.49 (0.27–0.87)*

Marital status

 Married

1

1

 Separated

1.57 (0.90–2.74)

1.49 (0.79–2.80)

 Single

1.57 (1.07–2.30)*

1.56 (0.95–2.55)

Ever worked for pay

 No

1

1

 Yes

1.11 (0.75–1.65)

1.10 (0.73–1.66)

Highest level of education

 No education/Primary

1

1

 Secondary

1.62 (1.11–2.36)*

1.72 (1.16–2.54)**

Ever engage in transaction sex

 No

1

1

 Yes

2.28 (1.37–3.79)**

2.29 (1.35–3.89)**

Endorsement of wife beating

 Did not endorse wife beating

1

1

 Somewhat endorse beating

0.87 (0.54–1.40)

0.80 (0.49–1.31)

 Endorse beating

2.14 (1.39–3.31)***

1.97 (1.27–3.08)***

Orphanhood status

 Double orphan

1

1

 Single orphan

1.27 (0.57–2.83)

1.93 (0.83–4.48)

 Non-orphan

0.94 (0.43–2.03)

1.61 (0.71–3.64)

Living with both parents

 Not living with both parents

1

1

 Living with one parent

1.21 (0.79–1.84)

0.87 (0.53–1.41)

 Living with both parents

1.34 (0.83–2.14)

0.86 (0.49–1.49)

Belong to social group

 No

1

1

 Yes

1.35 (0.95–1.91)

1.33 (0.92–1.91)

Parental support

 Good

1

1

 Fair

1.38(0.89–2.13)

1.35 (0.86–2.14)

 Poor

0.74 (0.33–1.66)

0.63 (0.27–1.48)

 No support

1.65 (0.94–2.88)

1.62 (0.71.3.64)

Partner support

 Good

1

1

 Fair

1.93 (1.20–3.10)**

1.66 (1.00–2.76)

 Poor

2.50 (1.28–4.88)**

1.96 (0.97–3.96)

 No support

1.52 (0.93–2.47)

1.07 (0.61–1.85)

Residence

 Rural

1

1

 Urban

1.02 (0.65–1.59)

0.87 (0.56–1.36)

Safety net in the community

1.02(0.94–1.12)

1.04 (0.95–1.14)

Neighborhood safety

0.75 (0.65–0.87)***

0.81 (0.69–0.95)*

Intercept

0.62***

0.34*

0.34*

2.63

0.64

LR test vs. logistic model

15.15***

10.51***

9.39**

8.97**

4.36*

Log likelihood

− 442.01

− 418.00

− 428.23

− 433.87

− 403.85

ICC

0.105

0.093

0.085

0.081

0.060

AIC

888.01

860.00

882.46

877.73

859.69

BIC

897.02

914.07

941.04

900.26

976.84

Number of clusters

66

66

66

66

66