| African Sites | Indian Sites | The Pakistan Site | Latin American Sites | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | % | RR (95% CI), P value | % | RR (95% CI), P value | % | RR (95% CI), P value | % | RR (95% CI), P value |
Maternal Age | Â | 0.0052 | Â | NS | Â | NS | Â | NS |
< 20 | 23.4 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08), 0.4577 | 5.7 | Â | 3.9 | Â | 21.8 | Â |
20-35 | 70.6 | 1.0 | 94.0 | Â | 90.7 | Â | 69.2 | Â |
> 35 | 6. 0 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15), 0.0014 | 0.3 | Â | 5.4 | Â | 9.0 | Â |
Education | Â | <.0001 | Â | 0.0003 | Â | 0.0121 | Â | NS |
No formal education | 6.8 | 1.19 (0.99, 1.43), 0.0668 | 11.8 | 0.95 (0.76, 1.17), 0.6094 | 82.7 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.08), 0.0057 | 10.8 | Â |
Primary | 63.2 | 1.16 (1.03, 1.30), 0.0124 | 25.1 | 1.24 (0.92, 1.67), 0.1511 | 7.8 | 1.04 (1.0, 1.07),0.0250 | 62.9 | Â |
Secondary | 27.3 | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20), 0.3487 | 48.3 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12), 0.4557 | 6.0 | 1.0 (0.97, 1.04),0.7766 | 25.0 | Â |
University or higher | 2.7 | 1.0 | 14.8 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 | Â |
Parity | Â | 0.0013 | Â | 0.0236 | Â | <.0017 | Â | <.0001 |
0 | 25.9 | 1.15 (1.01, 1.31), 0.0294 | 45.2 | 1.04 (1.0, 1.08), 0.0353 | 20.5 | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04), <.0006 | 30.4 | 1.19 (1.09, 1.29), <.0001 |
1-2 | 38.3 | 1.0 | 50.2 | 1.0 | 32.5 | 1.0 | 37.5 | 1.0 |
> 2 | 35.8 | 0.94 (0.91, 0.98), 0.0013 | 4.6 | 1.16 (1.0, 1.35), 0.0489 | 47.0 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.03), <.0610 | 32.1 | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99), <.0245 |
Trimester of first ANC | Â | NS | Â | 0.0279 | Â | NS | Â | NS |
First | 6.1 | Â | 70.3 | 1.0 | 24.1 | Â | 39.4 | Â |
Second | 65.3 | Â | 25.4 | 0.76 (0.58, 0.99), 0.0420 | 32.1 | Â | 44.5 | Â |
Third | 28.6 | Â | 4.3 | 0.49 (0.29, 0.84), 0.0093 | 43.8 | Â | 16.1 | Â |
Delivery mode | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 |
Vaginal | 97.8 | 1.0 | 82.2 | 1.0 | 85.1 | 1.0 | 73.0 | 1.0 |
Vaginal assisted | 1.0 | 1.26 (0.97, 1.62), 0.0796 | 0.7 | 0.75 (0.33, 1.71), 0.4892 | 5.5 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.11), 0.0002 | 0.1 | 1.24 (0.71, 2.17), 0.4480 |
C-section | 1.2 | 2.06 (1.67, 2.54), <.0001 | 17.1 | 3.76 (1.77, 7.99), 0.0006 | 9.4 | 1.21 (1.13, 1.29), <.0001 | 26.9 | 2.26 (1.74, 2.93), <.0001 |
Birth attendant | Â | NS | Â | 0.0001 | Â | 0.0020 | Â | <.0001 |
Physician | 1.9 | Â | 59.1 | 1.0 | 25.3 | 1.0 | 57.6 | 1.0 |
Nurse/Midwife/HW | 48.2 | Â | 36.5 | 0.75 (0.55, 1.04), 0.0819 | 26.6 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06), 0.4955 | 14.6 | 0.95 (0.69, 1.30), 0.7309 |
TBA | 35.8 | Â | 2.6 | 0.87 (0.43, 1.78), 0.7077 | 46.3 | 0.95 (0.91, 1.00), 0.0410 | 27.5 | 0.56 (0.41, 0.77), <.0004 |
Family/Other | 14.1 | Â | 1.8 | 2.22 (1.04, 4.71), 0.0385 | 1.8 | 1.0 (0.94, 1.06), 0.9867 | 0.3 | 1.37 (1.14, 1.64), 0.0008 |
Multiple birth | Â | <.0001 | Â | NS | Â | <.0001 | Â | NS |
Yes | 1.8 | 1.65 (1.47, 1.86), <.0001 | 1.2 | Â | 2.0 | 1.08 (1.04, 1.11), <.0001 | 1.2 | Â |
No | 98.2 | 1.0 | 98.8 | Â | 98.0 | 1.0 | 98.8 | Â |
Gender | Â | 0.0077 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.0008 |
Male | 51.6 | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07), 0.0077 | 51.9 | NS | 52.2 | NS | 51.2 | 1.07 (1.03, 1.12), <.0008 |
Female | 48.4 | 1.0 | 48.1 | Â | 47.8 | Â | 48.8 | 1.0 |
Birth weight | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 |
< 1000g | 0.0 | 3.07 (2.09, 4.51), <.0001 | 0.0 | 3.32 (1.57, 6.99), 0.0016 | 0.0 | 1.29 (1.17, 1.41), <.0001 | 0.1 | 2.03 (1.60, 2.57), <.0001 |
1000-1499g | 0.1 | 2.42 (1.94, 3.02), <.0001 | 0.4 | 2.63 (1.83, 3.77), <.0001 | 0.5 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.18), 0.0707 | 0.3 | 2.25 (1.90, 2.66), <.0001 |
1500-2499g | 3.4 | 1.48 (1.32, 1.65), <.0001 | 12.9 | 1.33 (1.06, 1.68), 0.0134 | 13.5 | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08), <.0001 | 8.4 | 1.35 (1.23, 1.47), <.0001 |
≥ 2500g | 96.5 | 1.0 | 86.7 | 1.0 | 86.0 | 1.0 | 91.2 | 1.0 |
Bag and mask resuscitation | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 |
Yes | 1.6 | 2.15 (1.78, 2.61), <.0001 | 3.1 | 2.22 (1.84, 2.69), <.0001 | 4.6 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.15), <.0001 | 2.4 | 2.05 (1.74, 2.41), <.0001 |
No | 98.4 | 1.0 | 96.9 | 1.0 | 95.4 | 1.0 | 97.6 | 1.0 |
Baby on mother's chest after delivery | Â | <.0001 | Â | <0.0001 | Â | <.0001 | Â | <.0001 |
Yes | 68.4 | 1.0 | 60.6 | 1.0 | 6.6 | 1.0 | 64.9 | 1.0 |
No | 31.6 | 1.98 (1.65, 2.37), <.0001 | 39.4 | 4.34 (2.67, 7.05), <.0001 | 93.4 | 1.67 (1.46, 1.91), <.0001 | 35.1 | 3.30 (2.32, 4.68), <.0001 |