Table 3 Distribution of respondents receiving good quality ANC and factors associated with quality of ANC services in Nigeria
From: Assessment of quality of antenatal care services in Nigeria: evidence from a population-based survey
Characteristics of the Respondents | All women using ANC n = 13410 | Had Desirable (Good) Quality of ANC | Had minimum acceptable quality of ANC | Determinants of Desirable (Good) Quality of ANC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95 % CI) | Sig | aOR(95 % CI) | Sig | ||||
Residence | |||||||
Urban | 6462 | *422(6.5) | *1053(16.3) | Reference | |||
Rural | 6948 | 197(2.8) | 458(6.6) | 0.44(0.39–0.49) | 0.000 | 0.83(0.74–0.94) | 0.002 |
Educational | |||||||
No formal | 4080 | *139(3.4) | *225(5.5) | Reference | |||
Primary | 3083 | 127(4.1) | 238(7.7) | 1.43(1.20–1.70) | 0.000 | 1.57(1.34–1.85) | 0.000 |
Secondary | 4991 | 273(5.5) | 704(14.1) | 2.56(2.20–2.97) | 0.000 | 2.18(1.86–2.56) | 0.000 |
Higher | 1256 | 80(6.3) | 344(27.4) | 4.32(3.57–5.22) | 0.000 | 2.69(2.20–3.30) | 0.000 |
Marital status | |||||||
Never married | 426 | 14(3.7) | 30(7.8) | Reference | |||
Married or LWSP | 12511 | 576(4.6) | 1417(11.3) | 1.31(0.99–1.74) | 0.062 | 1.11(0.82–1.52) | 0.493 |
Formerly married | 473 | 29(6.5) | 64(14.4) | 1.51(1.05–2.17) | 0.027 | 1.36(0.93–2.00) | 0.116 |
Age (29.7,7.1 yrs) | |||||||
<20 | 705 | *13(1.8) | *26(3.7) | Reference | |||
20–29 | 6131 | 289(4.7) | 660(11.7) | 2.12(1.58–2.85) | 0.000 | 1.44(1.09–1.91) | 0.011 |
30–39 | 5119 | 241(4.7) | 661(12.9) | 2.55(1.90–3.43) | 0.000 | 1.63(1.20–2.21) | 0.002 |
40+ | 1455 | 77(5.3) | 164(11.3) | 1.98(1.43–2.76) | 0.000 | 1.53(1.09–2.14) | 0.014 |
Wealth quintile | |||||||
Poorest | 1406 | *26(1.8) | *33(2.3) | Reference | |||
Poorer | 2365 | 73(3.1) | 112(4.7) | 1.82(1.34–2.46) | 0.000 | 1.49(1.13–1.95) | 0.004 |
Average | 2895 | 117(4.0) | 241(8.3) | 2.86(2.15–3.81) | 0.000 | 2.35(1.80–3.06) | 0.000 |
Wealthier | 3277 | 183(5.6) | 445(13.6) | 4.28(3.25–5.65) | 0.000 | 2.91(2.22–3.82) | 0.000 |
Wealthiest | 3467 | 222(6.4) | 680(19.6) | 6.47(4.92–8.52) | 0.000 | 3.54(2.65–4.72) | 0.000 |
Geographical zone | |||||||
North Central | 2125 | *51(2.4) | *175(8.2) | Reference | |||
North East | 2018 | 45(2.2) | 139(6.9) | 0.88(0.74–1.06) | 0.171 | 1.38(1.16–1.64) | 0.000 |
North West | 3275 | 313(9.5) | 400(12.2) | 1.40(1.18–1.65) | 0.000 | 1.68(1.42–1.98) | 0.000 |
South East | 1630 | 72(4.4) | 195(12.0) | 1.11(0.92–1.35) | 0.287 | 0.84(0.70–1.00) | 0.052 |
South South | 1566 | 38(2.4) | 167(10.6) | 1.17(0.96–1.42) | 0.127 | 0.70(0.59–0.84) | 0.000 |
South West | 2796 | 101(3.6) | 435(15.6) | 1.47(1.24–1.74) | 0.000 | 0.83(0.71–0.97) | 0.023 |
Birth order | |||||||
1 | 2614 | 98(3.8) | *309(11.8) | Reference | |||
2 | 2349 | 119(5.1) | 302(12.9) | 1.24(1.04–1.47) | 0.016 | 1.03(0.88–1.20) | 0.710 |
3 | 2077 | 107(5.1) | 274(13.2) | 1.09(0.91–1.30) | 0.354 | 1.01(0.85–1.19) | 0.932 |
4 | 6370 | 296(4.6) | 626(9.8) | 0.95(0.83–1.10) | 0.517 | 0.98(0.83–1.15) | 0.773 |
Timing of ANC | |||||||
1st Trimester | 3598 | *137(3.8) | *443(12.3) | Reference | |||
2nd Trimester | 8310 | 433(5.2) | 965(11.6) | 0.97(0.86–1.09) | 0.624 | 0.92(0.83–1.03) | 0.137 |
3rd Trimester | 1453 | 49(3.4) | 104(7.1) | 0.67(0.54–0.83) | 0.000 | 0.82(0.67–1.00) | 0.053 |
Number of ANC | |||||||
Less than 4 times | 2485 | *65(2.6) | *137(5.5) | Reference | |||
4 times or more | 10925 | 555(5.1) | 1374(12.6) | 2.05(1.73–2.42) | 0.000 | 1.52(1.30–1.79) | 0.000 |
Participates in decision | |||||||
Yes | 3803 | 195(5.1) | *379(10.0) | 1.12(0.99–1.26) | 0.073 | - | - |
No | 9607 | 424(4.4) | 1132(11.8) | Reference | |||
Skill of ANC | |||||||
Skilled | 12165 | *602(5.0) | *1452(11.9) | Reference | |||
Unskilled | 1245 | 17(1.4) | 59(4.7) | 0.33(0.26–0.43) | 0.000 | 0.71(0.57–0.89) | 0.003 |
Place of receiving | |||||||
Homes | 197 | *4(1.1) | *9(2.3) | Reference | |||
Govt hospital/clinics | 377 | 495(5.3) | 1095(11.7) | 7.44(3.4–16.28) | 0.000 | 7.04(3.45–14.4) | 0.000 |
Govt others | 9339 | 4(0.9) | 13(2.8) | 1.63(0.67–3.98) | 0.280 | 3.45(1.53–7.75) | 0.003 |
Private Hospital/Clinic | 465 | 109(3.4) | 383(12.6) | 6.93(3.15–15.3) | 0.000 | 5.46(2.66–11.2) | 0.000 |
Others | 3032 | 7(3.4) | 12(6.0) | 4.04(1.6–10.21) | 0.003 | 5.90(2.52–13.8) | 0.000 |
Total | 13410 | 567(4.6) | 1487(11.3) | ||||