Table 1 Demographic and obstetric characteristics of referent women with live births and women with intrapartum stillbirth
Variable | Referent Live Birth (N = 4476) | Intrapartum Stillbirth (N = 136) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age in years | |||
 Mean ± SD | 23.7 ± 4.4 | 25.7 ± 6.3 |  |
 Median (IQR) | 23.0 (20–26) | 24.0 (20–30) |  |
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Maternal age (5-year interval) | |||
  < 20 | 1224 (27.3) | 34 (25.0) | p < 0.001 |
 20–25 | 1957 (43.7) | 45 (33.1) | |
 26–30 | 973 (21.7) | 28 (20.6) | |
  > 30 | 322 (7.2) | 29 (21.3) | |
Maternal education | |||
 Primary education (5 years) or less | 1459 (32.6) | 17 (12.5) | p < 0.001 |
 Six years of education or more | 3017 (67.4) | 119 (87.5) | |
Ethnicity | |||
 Brahmin/Chhetri (hill or terai) | 1733 (38.7) | 42 (30.9) | p = 0.278 |
 Relatively advantaged Janajatis | 812 (18.1) | 22 (16.2) | |
 Disadvantaged Janajatis | 1293 (28.9) | 48 (35.3) | |
 Non-Dalit (terai) | 369 (8.2) | 12 (8.8) | |
 Dalit (hill and terai) | 235 (5.3) | 11 (8.1) | |
 Muslim | 34 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | |
Wealth quintile | |||
 Poorest | 787 (19.0) | 16 (34.0) | p < 0.01 |
 Poorer | 805 (19.5) | 11 (23.4) |  |
 Middle | 864 (20.9) | 7 (14.9) |  |
 Richer | 837 (20.2) | 7 (14.9) |  |
 Richest | 845 (20.4) | 6 (12.8) | |
Antenatal Care Attendance | |||
 At least one visit | 3904 (87.2) | 79 (58.1) | p < 0.001 |
 No ANC | 572 (12.8) | 57 (41.9) | |
Parity | |||
 Primipara | 2418 (54.0) | 64 (47.1) | p < 0.001 |
 Multipara (1–2) | 1869 (41.8) | 51 (37.5) | |
 Multipara (3 or more) | 189 (4.2) | 21 (15.4) | |
Previous stillbirths | |||
 No | 4380 (97.9) | 130 (95.6) | p = 0.08 |
 Yes | 96 (2.1) | 6 (4.4) | |
Antepartum hemorrhage | |||
 No | 4352 (97.2) | 118 (86.8) | p < 0.001 |
 Yes | 124 (2.8) | 18 (13.2) | |
Hypertensive disorder during pregnancy | |||
 No | 4167 (93.1) | 121 (89.0) | p = 0.05 |
 Yes | 309 (6.9) | 15 (11.0) | |
Medical disorder during pregnancy | |||
 No | 4262 (95.2) | 127 (93.4) | p = 0.2 |
 Yes | 214 (4.8) | 9 (6.6) | |
Multiple birth | |||
 No | 4438 (99.2) | 126 (92.6) | p < 0.001 |
 Yes | 38 (0.8) | 10 (7.4) | |
Obstetric complication during labora | |||
 No | 3965 (88.6) | 69 (50.7) | p < 0.001 |
 Yes | 511 (11.4) | 67 (49.3) | |
Fetal Heart Rate monitoring as per protocol | |||
 Yes | 1100 (24.6) | 9 (6.6) | p < 0.001 |
 No | 3376 (75.4) | 127 (93.4) | |
Use of Partogram | |||
 Yes | 2272 (50.8) | 15 (11.0) | p < 0.001 |
 No | 2204 (49.2) | 121 (89.0) | |
Mode of delivery | |||
 Vaginal | 3464 (77.4) | 92 (67.6) | p = 0.007 |
 C-section | 1012 (22.6) | 44 (32.4) | |
 Sex of newborn | |||
 Female | 2103 (47.0) | 52 (38.2) | p = 0.45 |
 Male | 2373 (53.0) | 84 (61.8) | |
Weight per gestational age | |||
 Appropriate-for-gestational age | 2796 (62.5) | 73 (53.7) | p < 0.02 |
 Small-for-gestation age | 1680 (37.5) | 63 (46.3) | |
Gestational age | |||
  < 37 weeks | 4113 (91.9) | 74 (54.4) | P < 0.001 |
  ≥ 37 weeks | 363 (8.1) | 62 (45.6) | |
Gestational age and weight per gestational age | |||
 AGA and ≥ 37 weeks | 2542 (56.8) | 34 (25.0) | p < 0.001 |
 SGA and ≥ 37 weeks | 1604 (35.8) | 40 (29.4) | |
 AGA and < 37 weeks | 254 (5.7) | 39 (28.7) | |
 SGA and < 37 weeks | 76 (1.7) | 23 (16.9) | |