What do we know about assessing healthcare students and professionals’ knowledge, attitude and practice regarding female genital mutilation? A systematic review

Table 2 Synthesis of the areas of knowledge, attitude and practice explored by the 18 full questionnaires reviewed

Authors	Country	Experience and practice					Attitude							Knowledge
	Country	Previous clinical encounter with women with FGM	Asking women about FGM	Previous request of performing reinfibulation or FGM. Knowledge of FGM happening overseas	Performing defibulation	Other practices^a	Human rights	Health risks	FGM practice^b	Training regarding FGM^c	Current controversial issues^d	Child protection, reporting and law against FGM	Inclusion of men when discussing about FGM	Information on FGM^e	Guidelines and other available resources	FGM complications	Child protection and law	Pricking and FGCS	Management^f
Moeed 2012	Australia	x	x	x
Sureshkumar 2016	Australia	x	x	x	x			x	x		x				x	x	x
Leye 2008	Belgium	x	x	x	x		x	x		x	x	x	x		x	x	x	x	x
Cappon 2015	Belgium	x	x	x	x	x		x		x		x			x	x		x	x
Kaplan 2009	Spain	x			x					x	x				x	x
Tamaddon 2006	Sweden	x	x	x							x
UNICEF 2012	Switzerland	x	x	x	x	x	x			x	x
UNICEF 2016	Switzerland						x									x		x
Elliott 2016	UK									x		x			x		x	x	x
Relph 2013	UK	x		x	x					x	x	x	x		x		x	x
Purchase 2013	UK	x			x		x			x	x	x					x	x
Jacoby 2013	U.S.A										x
Hess 2010	U.S.A														x		x	x
Kaplan 2013 and 2016	Gambia					x		x		x		x	x	x	x		x	x
Onuh 2006	Nigeria									x			x		x		x
UNFPA 2016	Sudan	x	x		x	x			x	x				x	x		x

^aOther practices include previous experiences and practices related to asylum and FGM, risk assessment and protection of girls, working with certified interpreters, availability of specialized care, specific local services; referral centers and local guidelines
^bAttitude on FGM practice includes attitude on the rite of passage of FGM; women with and without FGM, including difficulties when caring for/discussing with women with FGM, reinfibulation and defibulation; parents who allow FGM; medicalization; FGM for a own daughter or in the own family; role of caregivers; reasons for performing FGM
^cTraining regarding FGM includes interest in further training; opinion on available training; self confidence on self knowledge on FGM
^dControversial issues are pricking, female genital cosmetic surgeries, piercing, male circumcision, reinfibulation, FGM requested by adult women, terminology and alternative rituals to FGM
^eInformation on FGM including religion of communities practicing it, countries at risk, prevalence, definition, classification, reasons of the practice, stigmatization in host country
^fManagement of complications of FGM, in particular type III. Defibulation. C-section in case of FGM

ISSN: 1742-4755