Table 2 Review outcomes

Maternal outcomes

 Birth experience (self-reported or observed), including experience of respectful care, maternal satisfaction, sense of control, rating of birth experience, and psychological health

 Experiences of mistreatment (self-reported or observed), including abuse, disrespect, neglect, stigma, discrimination, poor communication or other forms

 Mode of birth

 Length of labour

 Use of pain relief

 Perineal/vaginal trauma

Fetal /Neonatal outcomes

 Perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia

 Perinatal mortality