Table 3 Logistic Regression to Assess Associations between Lifetime Experience of IPV and Labor/Pregnancy Complications
| Â | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Labor complications | Pregnancy or delivery complications | Labor complications | Pregnancy or delivery complications |
Physical or Sexual IPV | ||||
 Never | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 Ever | 1.14 (0.93–1.38) | 1.52 (1.29–1.78) | 1.27 (1.04–1.54) | 1.68 (1.42–1.99) |
Age | ||||
 15–19 | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 20–24 | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.70 (0.59–0.83) | 0.91 (0.72–1.17) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) |
 25–29 | 0.59 (0.44–0.79) | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | 0.68 (0.52–0.89) |
 30+ | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | 0.78 (0.56–1.10) |
Wealth Quartile | ||||
 1 (Poorest) | REF | REF | REF | – |
 2 | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 1.02 (0.79–1.33) | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) |  |
 3 | 0.87 (0.65–1.17) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) |  |
 4 (Wealthiest) | 1.23 (0.91–1.67) | 1.24 (0.95–1.61) | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) |  |
Education | ||||
 None | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 Primary | 1.20 (0.94–1.54) | 1.21 (1.00–1.47) | 1.26 (1.05–1.50) | 1.08 (0.92–1.28) |
 Secondary | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) | 1.31 (1.06–1.63) | 1.38 (1.14–1.66) | 1.24 (0.99–1.55) |
Caste/Religion | ||||
 General | REF | REF | REF | – |
 SC/ST | 0.88 (0.61–1.29) | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 0.84 (0.63–1.14) |  |
 OBC | 0.99 (0.70–1.41) | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.93 (0.71–1.20) |  |
 Muslim | 0.98 (0.66–1.46) | 0.98 (0.70–1.36) | 0.94 (0.70–1.25) |  |
Spouse’s education | ||||
 None | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 Primary | 1.34 (1.03–1.74) | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 1.32 (1.03–1.69) | 1.17 (0.95–1.43) |
 Secondary | 1.46 (1.13–1.90) | 1.33 (1.07–1.65) | 1.24 (0.95–1.62) | 1.28 (1.02–1.62) |
Parity | ||||
 1 | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 2 | 0.83 (0.66–1.05) | 0.91 (0.74–1.11) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) |
 3+ | 0.60 (0.48–0.74) | 0.78 (0.63–0.95) | 0.75 (0.59–0.95) | 0.97 (0.74–1.27) |
Ananya district | ||||
 No | REF | REF | REF | REF |
 Yes | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 1.49 (1.21–1.84) | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) | 1.46 (1.19–1.80) |
Gender equity | ||||
 Age at marriage | ||||
   < 18 | REF | REF | REF | – |
  18+ | 1.29 (1.08–1.55) | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | 1.18 (0.97–1.42) |  |
 Workforce participation, past 12 months | ||||
  No | REF | REF | REF | REF |
  Yes | 1.76 (1.09–2.82) | 1.54 (1.10–2.14) | 2.09 (1.32–3.31) | 1.60 (1.14–2.24) |
 Personal bank account | ||||
  No | REF | REF | REF | – |
  Yes | 0.96 (0.78–1.17) | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.85 (0.68–1.06) |  |
 Personal mobile phone | ||||
  No | REF | REF | – | REF |
  Yes | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 0.89 (0.75–1.04) |  | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) |
 Gender of focal child | ||||
  Female | REF | REF | REF | REF |
  Male | 1.25 (1.04–1.51) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 1.24 (1.02–1.49) | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) |
 Age of focal child | ||||
  0–5 months | REF | REF | REF | – |
  6–11 months | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) |  |
  12–23 months | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.12 (0.91–1.39) | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) |  |
 4 or more antenatal care visits | ||||
  `No | REF | REF | REF | REF |
  Yes | 1.68 (1.35–2.08) | 1.81 (1.52–2.17) | 1.50 (1.20–1.89) | 1.73 (1.43–2.10) |
 Skilled birth attendance | ||||
  No | REF | REF | REF | REF |
  Yes | 2.00 (1.59–2.51) | 1.61 (1.33–1.97) | 1.77 (1.41–2.24) | 1.46 (1.19–1.79) |