Table 1 Description of the seven studies included in the summative analysis
Choi 2018 | Tumlinson 2014 | Bessinger 2001 | Ratanajamit 2001 | Hermida 1999 | Ndhlov 1998 | Tavrow 1997 | Thongmixay 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Haiti, Senegal, Malawi, Tanzania | Kenya | Ecuador, Uganda, Zimbabwe | Thailand | Guatemala | Kenya | Malawi | Lao PDR |
QoC tools | SPA | Tools adapted from QIQ & MLE | QIQ | Cross-sectional study | Observation for 3 weeks | Situational Analysis | National QoC FP assessment | QIQ |
Analysis type | Secondary data analysis | Primary data collection | Secondary data analysis | Primary data collection | Primary data collection | Secondary data analysis | Primary data collection | Primary data collection |
“Gold standard” tool | Direct Observation | Simulated Client | Direct Observation | Simulated client | Direct observation | Direct Observation | Simulated client | Direct Observation |
Comparator tool | Exit interview | Direct observation, Exit Interview, Provider Interview | Exit interview | Provider interview | Exit Interview, medical record review | Exit interview | Exit interview | Exit interview |
Statistic | Sensitivity, specificity | % agreement, Sensitivity, Specificity, PPV/NPV, Likelihood Ratios | % agreement, PABAK | % agreement | Sensitivity, Specificity | Kappa | Percentage point difference | Approximate percentage point difference |
Study participants | Facilities: 1868 Clients: 6429 | Facilities: 19 Clients: 49 | Facilities: 154 Clients: 1858 | Facilities: 60 Clients: Female and male simulated clients were used | Facilities: 3 Clients: 67 | Clients:240 | Facilities: 39 Clients: 477 | Facilities: 17 Clients interviewed: 393 Clients observed: 218 |
Provider type | Not mentioned | Registered or community nurses | Not mentioned | Private providers at drugstores | Physician, nurse, nursing auxiliary | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Methods evaluated | Pills, injectables, IUDs, implants, or female sterilization | Implants, injectables, IUDs oral contraceptives | IUDs, pills, barrier methods, and injectables | Oral contra-ceptives | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
Indicator | Counseling completeness for side effects | Choice of methods, information given to user, continuity mechanism, competency, interpersonal relationship, and continuity mechanism | Provider actions, counseling and interpersonal relationships | History taken and advice given | FP counseling | Counseling and methods mentioned | Counseling and encouraging client questions | Information discussed during consultations |
Risk of bias | Low | Low | Low | Medium | Medium | High | Medium | Medium |