Table 1 Studies included after full text screening
Study | Data source | Location | Exposure | Exposure timepoint | Outcome | Offspring age | Sample size | Covariates | Results | Strength of evidence* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gustavson et al. (2017) [21] | MoBa | Norway | Smoking | Pregnancy | ADHD | 5 years | 104,846 | Maternal and paternal age, maternal and paternal education, maternal and paternal ADHD symptoms, maternal (pre-pregnancy) and paternal BMI, maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, parity, child’s birth year, geographical region | OR: 1.28, CI: 1.16–1.42 | Moderate |
Biederman et al. (2020) [27] | NA | USA | Smoking | Pre-conception | ADHD | 6–18 years | 226 | Paternal ADHD | OR: 1.50, χ2: 1.58, p = .21 | Low—due to risk of bias |
Langley et al. (2012) [22] | ALSPAC | UK | Smoking | Pregnancy (18 weeks gestation) | ADHD | 7.6 years | 8324 | Child's sex, ethnicity, multiple births (twins), maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, social class | Number of ADHD symptoms. Paternal in separate model: β: 0.17 (CI 0.11, 0.23), p < 0.001. Both parents included in same model: β: 0.14 (CI 0.07, 0.20), Paternal smoking where mother is a non-smoker: β: 0.12 (0.04, 0.20), p < 0.001; fathers: β = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.09). Diagnoses of ADHD: OR:1.43 (CI 0.98, 2.07) | Moderate |
Zhu et al. (2014) [23] | DNBC | Denmark | Smoking | Pregnancy (16 weeks gestation) | ADHD | 8–14 years | 84,803 | Maternal age, parity, alcohol intake during pregnancy, parental socioeconomic status, parental psychopathology, child’s sex | HR: 1.29 (1.14 to 1.47) | Moderate |
Altink et al. (2009) [24] | International Multi-centre ADHD Gene project (IMAGE) and controls | The Netherlands | Smoking | Pregnancy | Attention | 12.5 years | 79 | Age, sex, IQ, birth weight, oppositional symptoms of the child, anxious-shy symptoms, total maternal or paternal ADHD symptoms, maternal age, socio economic status | Main effect: F(1,86.8) = 7.62, P = 0.007 | Moderate |
Nomura et al. (2010) [25] | Longitudinal study of children at risk for ADHD | USA | Smoking | Pregnancy | ADHD, ODD | 4.3 years | 209 | Age, sex, SES, birth weight, race of the child, self-report maternal and paternal ADHD symptoms, maternal alcohol use during pregnancy | ADHD: OR: 0.31 (0.06–1.92), p = 0.21. ODD and ADHD COMORBID: OR: 0.85 (0.13–5.55), p = 0.86 | Low – due to imprecision |
Tiesler et al. (2011) [26] | LISAplus | Germany | Smoking | Pregnancy | Total problems, emotional difficulties, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems | 10 years | 1654 | Sex, study centre, parental education, mother's age at birth, time in front of screen and having single mother/father | Total difficulties: OR: 1.21 (0.45–3.27). Emotional problems: OR: 1.54 (0.73–3.27). Conduct probs: OR: 0.73 (0.30–1.77). Hyperactivity/inattention: OR: 2.03 (0.86–4.81). Peer probs: OR: 1.22 (0.51–2.91) | Low—due to imprecision |
Easey et al. (2020) [15] | ALSPAC | UK | Alcohol | 18 and 32 weeks gestation | Depression | 18 and 24 years | 2566 | Socioeconomic position, income, homeownership, marital status, maternal education, gender, parity, maternal tobacco use during 1 to 3 months of pregnancy, maternal illicit drug use during 1 to 3 months of pregnancy, maternal depression 18 weeks gestation, how often partner consumed alcohol at 18 weeks gestation | Age 18: Alcohol frequency: OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.01, p =  Pattern (binge): 0.95 (0.87–1.03). P = 0.194 Age 24: Alcohol Frequency: OR .02 (0.89–1.16) 0.790. Patten (binge) OR: 0.99 (0.91–1.07), p: 0.771 | Moderate |