Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants by case–control status
Normal controls (N = 122) | Urinary Incontinence controls (N = 152) | All controls (N = 274) | Lower urinary tract fistula cases (N = 59) | Lower gastro-intestinal tract cases (N = 34) | All fistula cases (N = 93) | Total (N = 367) | P-value** | P-value*** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean(sd) | 39.1 (10.9) | 44 (13.1) | 42 (12.4) | 38 (11.3) | 33.5 (7.9) | 36.3 (10.3) | 40.4 (12.1) | < 0.001 | 0.03 |
BMI (kg/m^2), mean(sd) | 24 (6.5) | 23.6 (4.7) | 23.7 (5.6) | 21.6 (2.9) | 23.7 (3.8) | 22.4 (3.4) | 23.4 (5.2) | 0.0046 | < 0.001 |
Age at first pregnancy, mean(sd) | 20.6 (3.7) | 20.1 (3.7) | 21.1 (3.8) | 22 (4.1) | 20.6 (3.1) | 21.5 (3.8) | 21.2 (3.8) | 0.24 | 0.13 |
Lifetime pregnancies, median(range) | 4 (1–4) | 5 (1–13) | 4 (1–14) | 3 (1–12) | 5 (1–8) | 3 (1–12) | 4 (1–14) | < 0.001 | 0.003 |
Lifetime vaginal deliveries, median(range) | 4 (0–12) | 5 (0–12) | 4 (0–12) | 1 (0–12) | 3.5 (1–9) | 2 (0–12) | 3 (0–12) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lifetime cesarean sections, median(range) | 0 (0–6) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–6) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (0–4) | 0 (0–6) | 0.002 | < 0.001 |
Lifetime stillbirths, median(range) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–7) | 0 (0–7) | 1 (0–9) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–9) | 0 (0–9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Lifetime miscarriage, median(range) | 0 (0–6) | 0 (0–4) | 0 (0–6) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–8) | 0 (0–8) | 0.47 | 0.50 |
Lifetime abortion, median(range) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–2) | 0.99 | 0.76 |
Previous Surgeries, N (%) | |||||||||
Tubal Ligation | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (3.4) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.15) | 3 (0.8) | 0.10 | 0.03 |
Cesarean section | 28 (23.7) | 30 (20.3) | 58 (21.8) | 44 (45) | 3 (8.8) | 47 (50) | 105 (28.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Other pelvic surgery | 7 (5.9) | 9 (6.0) | 16 (6.0) | 10 (16.9) | 2 (5.9) | 12 (12.9) | 28 (7.8) | 0.03 | 0.005 |
Currently smoke, N (%) | 2 (1.64) | 7 (4.61) | 9 (3.3) | 6 (10) | 2 (5.88) | 8 (8.6) | 17 (4.6) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Medical conditions, N (%) | |||||||||
Diabetes | 3 (2.5) | 3 (2.0) | 6 (2.21) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.6) | 0.15 | 0.24 |
Hypertension | 6 (5.1) | 12 (8.1) | 18 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 18 (5.5) | 0.001 | 0.04 |
Gastrointestinal Issues | 23 (19.5) | 36 (24.3) | 59 (22.2) | 9 (15.25) | 8 (23.5) | 18 (19.4) | 77 (21.1) | 0.36 | 0.24 |
Other* | 31 (26.3) | 39 (26.6) | 70 (26.3) | 7 (11.9) | 7 (20.6) | 14 (15.1) | 84 (23.0) | 0.02 | 0.02 |