Table 1 summary of the articles included in the systematic review
From: Prevalence and phenotype of eating disorders in assisted reproduction: a systematic review
Author, date | Sample population | Assessment | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|
Abraham et al. 1990 [18] | Obj: study of diet. hist. and of physical exercise in IF receiving GnRH stimulation Inclusion criterion: secondary amenorrhea – Failed OI using clomiphene citrate – N = 14 | – DSMIII-R – ED assessed: AN, BN – semi-structured interview – anthropometric measurements: weight, size, skin fold (4 sites) – Quest.: EAT, EDI | Prev.: 92.8% hist. of ED (N = 13) of which: 77% AN (N = 10), 7.7% AN + BN (N = 1), 7.7% BN (N = 1), 7.7% atypical (N = 1) – 35.7% “active atypical form” (N = 5) Phen.: 84.6% normal BMI (N = 11) – 57% follow-up of ED (N = 8) – Weight control method: restriction + diet 57% (N = 8), physical exercise 43% (N = 6), vomiting 21% (N = 3), laxatives 7% (N = 1) Comorb.: depression (N = 2) |
Assens et al. 2015 [31] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in IF undergoing ART Inclusion criterion: – DANAC cohort – N = 42,915 Exclusion criterion: – IUI | – ICD-8, ICD-10 – ED assessed: AN, BN, EDNOS – diagnostic coding of the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register (hospitalisations + consultations) | Prev.: 0.63% LTP of severe episode of ED (N = 271) of which: 41% AN (N = 111) with 32% experiencing atypical forms of AN, 35% BN (N = 95) with 20% experiencing atypical BN, 24% EDNOS (N = 65) Phen.: – 83.4% ED known before resorting to MAP – Ovulatory infertility* – More frequent use of IVF or ICSI* |
Barbosa et al. 2020 [29] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in IF treated receiving GnRH stimulation Inclusion criterion: – < 43 years old – IHH, N = 21 – Control group with other type of infertility N = 21 Exclusion criterion: – Non-Francophone – male infertility – active psychiatric disorder | – ICD-10, DSM IV-TR – ED assessed: AN, BN, BED – Quest.: QSD, CIDI | Prev.: – IF with IHH: 95.2% LTP ED (N = 20) of which: 85% AN (N = 19), 5% BN (N = 1) – Control group: 23.8% LTP ED restrictive type AN (N = 5) Phen.: – BMI IF IHH lower compared to other types of infertility* – Normal BMI in control group |
Bruneau et al. 2017 [8] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in an IF population receiving MAP Inclusion criterion: – French speakers – N = 60 Exclusion criterion: – Male infertility | – DSM-IV – ED assessed: AN, BN, BED – Screening: SDQ, SCOFF, FKW, BSQ, HAD, FertiQol – Diagnosis: MINI Module H | Prev.: 17% LTP ED (N = 10) of which: 50% hist. AN (N = 5), 20% hist. BN (N = 2), 10% AN (N = 1), 10% BN (N = 1), 10% hist. BED (N = 1) Phen.:—average BMI and ideal BMI similar to non-ED* – ambivalence sc. for desire for a child: positive correlation with body image concerns, negative correlation with BMI – 60% SCOFF positive with ED* Comorb.:—higher level of anxiety vs non-ED* – altered quality of life (emotional and physical aspects) |
Christin-Maitre et al. 2006 [28] | Obj.: assessing effectiveness of Tx using pulsatile GnRH release Inclusion criterion:—IHH N = 248 | – Declarative | Prev.:—45.8% hist. of ED (N = 113): 40.5% hist. AN (N = 100), 5.3% hist. BN (N = 13) Phen.:—normal average BMI – 52.2% (N = 109) of IF make food selection – 9% (N = 16) physical activity > 5 h/week |
Cousins et al. 2015 [19] | Obj.: comparison of ED sympt. in IF vs females in the general pop Design: cross-sectional comparative study Inclusion criteria:—[18–44 years old], English speakers – No comorbidity – Unexplained infertility N = 51 – Control group in general care N = 34 | – DSM-IV-TR – ED assessed: AN, BN, EDNOS (including BED) – Quest.: EDI-3-RF and SC, Herman and Polivy revised restraint scale, STAI, BDI-II | Prév.:—27.5% hist. of ED (N = 14) – 13.7% active episodes (N = 7) Phen.:—normal average BMI* – Pursuit of slimness sc. and BN higher in IF vs non-ED* – Diet. restriction sc. lower in IF vs non-ED* – Body dissatisfaction sc. lower in IF vs non-ED* |
Freizinger et al. 2010 [30] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in IF Design: comparative study Inclusion criterion:—before hormonal induction using FSH – N = 82 | – DSM-IV – ED assessed: AN, BN, EDNOS (including BED) – Tel. interview: SCID module H-Eating disorder, SDQ – Quest.: EDE-Q, IPAQ, lifestyle | Prev.: 20.7% LTP ED (N = 17) of which: 41% hist. AN (N = 7), 29% active EDNOS (N = 5) of which 80% BED (N = 4), 12% hist. BN (N = 2), 18% hist. EDNOS (N = 3) Phen.: normal BMI > 50%, compared to non-ED*, no low BMI – Total EDE-Q sc. higher vs non-ED* – Diet. concerns sc. for size and weight higher vs non-ED + general population* – Diet. restriction sc. of ED comparable to non-ED + general population* – 76.4% of ED not disclosed to doctor |
Langley 2014 [20] | Obj.: designing a nutritional screening questionnaire for IF Inclusion criterion:—before 1st medical visit – N = 300 | – No baseline – ED assessed: NS – Declarative | Prev.:—4.1% hist. of ED (N = 10) – 1.4% active ED (N = 4) Phen.:—21.8% dietary restrictions without ED (N = 55) – 81% want to lose weight before their first medical check – 40% “unrealistic” weight loss goal of which 7.1% with BMI < 18.5 – Methods used: diets (49%), physical activity “active” (29%), or even “very active” (13%) |
Resch et al. 1999 [23] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in IF and diet. habits in IF Inclusion criterion:—functional infertility – N = 75 | – DSM-IV – ED assessed: AN, BN, BED – Quest.: SDQ, BCDS, ANIS, EDI, BITE, BDI | Prev.: 44% active ED (N = 33) of which: 49% subclinical forms of BN (N = 16), 27% BN (N = 9), 15% infraclinical forms of AN (N = 5), 9% AN (N = 3) Phen.:—episodes of binge eating: > 1 per month (N = 8), > 1 per week (N = 8) – Increased prevalence of anovulation in women with subclinical BN Comorb.: 64% depression in IF (N = 49) |
Rodino et al. 2016 [24] | Obj.: assessing psychological wellbeing in relation to the BMI of obese IF Inclusion criterion: – [20–47 years old] – N = 403 Exclusion criteria:—gamete donation, preimplantation diagnosis, maintenance of fertility | – DSM-IV – ED assessed: AN, BN, BED – Quest.: SDQ, IPAQ, DASS-21, PANAS, FPI, RSES, CPQ, EDE-Q | Prev.:—5.7% hist. of ED (N = 23) – 0.7% active episode (N = 3) Phen.:—74% normal BMI with ED – Obese females (indep. of PCOS status): BED higher*, lower level of self-esteem*, increased concerns about body shape and perfectionism |
Rodino et al. 2016 [21] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in IF Inclusion criteria:—[20–40 years old], English speakers – ovulation follow-up, OI, IUI, IVF, ICSI – N = 385 Exclusion criteria:—gamete donation, preimplantation diagnosis, oncology – No medical consultation | – DSM-IV – ED assessed: AN, BN, BED – Quest.: SDQ, EDE-Q, IPAQ | Prev.:—6.8% hist. of ED (N = 26) - 1.6% active ED (N = 6) Phen.:—BMI at top end of normal - average EDE-Q sc. higher with hist. ED* - ovulation disorder vs other type of infertility: higher overall score and subscales EDE-Q*, prone to compulsive eating with loss of control, method of weight control by vomiting, laxatives, compulsive physical activity at a sustained rate* - 23% ED not disclosed to doctor |
Sbaragli et al. 2008 [22] | Obj.: psychiatric assessment of infertile couples before medical intervention Design: prospective case–control study Inclusion criterion:—1st ART cycle – N = 81 couples – control group: T3 pregnancy, N = 70 couples | – DSM-IV – ED assessed: BED – Assessment of partners: SDQ, SCID-I | Prev.:—18% active BED (N = 15) – 11% hist. of ED (N = 9) Phen.: BED and hist. BED more common in PCOS and functional infertility* |
Stewart et al., 1990 [25] | Obj.: assessing prev. of ED in IF Inclusion criterion:—N = 66 | – DSM-III-R – ED assessed: AN, BN, EDNOS – Screening: SDQ, EAT-26 – Diagnosis: non standardised | Prev.: 16.7% active ED (N = 11) of which: 55% EDNOS (N = 6), 36% BN (N = 4), 9% AN (N = 1) Phen.: SD to determine ideal comparable weight comparable regardless of ED status |
Volgsten et al., 2008 [26] | Obj.: assessing prev. of psychiatric disorders in IF and IM Inclusion criteria:—IVF or ICSI – N females = 413 – N males = 412 Exclusion criterion:—gamete donation | – DSM-IV – PRIME-MD | Prev: 0.2% active EDNOS type ED (N = 1) in IF Phen.:—normal average BMI in females with ED Comorb.:—depression 10.9% (N = 45) – Comorb. in IF: 2 diag. 36.2% (N = 46), ≥ 3 diag. 7.9% (N = 10) |
Yli-Kuha et al., 2010 [27] | Obj.: assessing psychiatric morbidity in IF receiving ART Design: comparative cohort study Inclusion criteria:—IVF, ICSI, FET – infertile group N = 9175 – control group general pop. N = 9175 | – ICD-8, ICD-9, ICD-10 – ED assessed: NS – Diagnostic coding of psychiatric disorders from end of hospitalisation records | Prev.: 0.13% hospitalization for ED (N = 12) of which: 67% before intervention (N = 8), 33% after intervention (N = 4) Phen.:—no significant difference in number of IF hospitalizations vs non-ED – fewer hospitalizations for ED in infertile patients if Tx is successful* – no influence on the parity of hospitalizations for ED |