Table 3 Comparison of birth data between indigenous adolescents and nonindigenous adolescents, indigenous adult women, and nonindigenous adult women
From: Pregnancy and childbirth outcomes among indigenous adolescents in Guatemala: a cohort study
Birth data | Adolescents (10–19) | Adults (> 19) | Total | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indigenous (1) | Nonindigenous (2) | (1) vs. (2) | Indigenous (3) | (1) vs. (3) | Nonindigenous (4) | (1) vs. (4) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | p-value | n (%) | p-Value | n (%) | p-value | ||
819 (10.18) | 813 (10.10) | 3324 (41.30) | 3092 (38.42) | 8048 | ||||
Mode of birthb | 0.476 | 0.003 | 0.023 | 8048 | ||||
Vaginal | 470 (57.38) | 454 (55.84) | 1729 (52.02) | 1636 (52.91) | ||||
Cesarean | 349 (42.61) | 359 (44.16) | 1595 (47.98) | 1456 (47.09) | ||||
Labor augmentationa | 0.112 | 0.421 | 0.013 | 8032 | ||||
No | 382 (46.76) | 347 (42.84) | 1604 (48.03) | 1293 (41.90) | ||||
Yes | 435 (53.24) | 463 (57.16) | 1715 (51.67) | 1793 (58.10) | ||||
Missing | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 16 | |||
3th trimester/postpartum hemorrhagea | 0.555 | 0.704 | 0.536 | 8048 | ||||
No | 795 (97.07) | 785 (96.56) | 3218 (96.81) | 2988 (96.64) | ||||
Yes | 24 (2.93) | 28 (3.44) | 106 (3.19) | 104 (3.36) | ||||
Complete placentaa | 0.257 | 0.157 | 0.024 | 8018 | ||||
No | 28 (3.43) | 20 (2.48) | 84 (2.53) | 64 (2.08) | ||||
Yes | 788 (96.57) | 787 (97.52) | 3233 (97.47) | 3014 (97.92) | ||||
Missing | 3 | 6 | 7 | 14 | 30 | |||
Postpartum oxytocina | 0.108 | 0.800 | < 0.001 | 8048 | ||||
No | 280 (34.19) | 309 (38.01) | 1152 (34.66) | 1280 (41.40) | ||||
Yes | 539 (65.81) | 504 (61.99) | 2172 (65.34) | 1812 (56.60) | ||||
Use of antibioticsa | 0.885 | 0.316 | 0.379 | 8046 | ||||
No | 608 (74.24) | 601 (73.92) | 2522 (75.92) | 2248 (72.70) | ||||
Yes | 211 (25.76) | 212 (26.08) | 800 (24.08) | 844 (27.30) | ||||
Missing | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | |||
Vaginal birth positiona | 0.191 | 0.715 | 0.734 | 4286 | ||||
Sitting | 28 (5.96) | 16 (3.53) | 92 (5.32) | 84 (5.14) | ||||
Squatting | 5 (1.06) | 4 (0.88) | 25 (1.45) | 21 (1.28) | ||||
Lying | 437 (92.98) | 433 (95.58) | 1611 (93.23) | 1530 (93.58) | ||||
Missing | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||
Episiotomy (vaginal birth)a | 0.251 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
No | 269 (57.48) | 276 (61.20) | 1407 (81.42) | 1347 (82.49) | 4280 | |||
Yes | 199 (42.52) | 175 (38.80) | 321 (18.58) | 286 (17.51) | ||||
Missing | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 9 | |||
Vaginal tears (vaginal birth)b | 0.387 | 0.518 | 0.350 | 4160 | ||||
No | 442 (98.00) | 428 (97.05) | 1634 (97.44) | 1542 (96.92) | ||||
Grade 1 | 6 (1.33) | 8 (1.81) | 32 (1.91) | 33 (2.07) | ||||
Grade 2 | 2 (0.44) | 5 (1.13) | 10 (0.60) | 15 (0.94) | ||||
Grade 3 | 1 (0.22) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.06) | 1 (0.06) | ||||
Missing | 19 | 13 | 52 | 45 | 129 | |||
Analgesiaa | 0.256 | 0.377 | 0.016 | 8048 | ||||
No | 714 (87.18) | 693 (85.24) | 2935 (88.30) | 2590 (83.76) | ||||
Yes | 105 (12.82) | 120 (14.76) | 389 (11.70) | 502 (16.24) | ||||
Local anesthesiaa | 0.378 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 8048 | ||||
No | 702 (85.71) | 709 (87.21) | 3131 (94.19) | 2863 (92.59) | ||||
Yes | 117 (14.29) | 104 (12.79) | 193 (5.81) | 229 (7.41) | ||||
General anesthesiaa | 0.820 | 0.735 | 0.905 | 8031 | ||||
No | 805 (98.65) | 798 (98.52) | 3266 (98.49) | 3049 (98.71) | ||||
Yes | 11 (1.35) | 12 (1.48) | 50 (1.51) | 40 (1.29) | ||||
Missing | 3 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 17 | |||
Blood transfusionb | 1.000 | 0.804 | 0.779 | 8041 | ||||
No | 813 (99.51) | 805 (99.51) | 3303 (99.37) | 3077 (99.55) | ||||
Yes | 4 (0.49) | 4 (0.49) | 21 (0.63) | 14 (0.45) | ||||
Missing | 2 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 7 | |||
Attended the birtha | 0.212 | 0.372 | 0.978 | 8010 | ||||
Physician | 693 (84.72) | 702 (86.88) | 2842 (85.94) | 2608 (84.76) | ||||
Other professional | 125 (15.28) | 106 (13.12) | 465 (14.06) | 469 (15.24) | ||||
Missing | 1 | 5 | 17 | 15 | 38 | |||