Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of the included studies
First author, year of publication | Study location | Study setting | Study design and participants in qualitative methods |
|---|---|---|---|
Abdulkadir, 2017 | Kenya | One MWH | Mixed method: KIIs, 25 FGDs with non-users, women of childbearing age who had already given birth to a first child |
Bergen, 2019 | Ethiopia | 24 MWHs | Qualitative study: 31 IDIs with HEWs |
Bonawitz, 2019 | Zambia | Two MWHs | Mixed-method study: Pre- and post-intervention comparison with four FGDs with MWH users |
Chibuye, 2018 | Zambia | 17 facilities with MWH | Mixed-method study: 25 FGDs, 87 KIIs with MWH users, non-MWH users, SMAGs and neighbourhood health committees, district community medical officers/ nursing officers, health facility in-charges, senior women, partner agencies staff supporting RMNCH, women with spouse |
Clensay, 2007 | Nicaragua | One MWH | Qualitative study: 11 IDIs (MWH users, MWH staff, health workers, diplomat, FGD (MWH users), participant observations |
Friedman, 2008 | Nicaragua | One MWH | Qualitative study: IDIs (three MWH users, seven members of the staff team, three representatives of other non-profit organizations working in alliance with the MWH. Casual conversations with staff, pregnant women, participants in educational programmes) |
Garcia Prado, 2012 | Nicaragua | 14 SILAIS | Mixed-method study: semi-structured surveys with KIIs and IDIs (12 MWH's support committee, 11 health workers, eight members of civil society organizations, eight local authorities, 10 community leaders |
Gaym, 2012 | Ethiopia | Three MWHs | Mixed-method study: FGDs (74 MWH users), site visits and documentation |
JarquĂn, 2015 | Nicaragua | One MWH | Qualitative study: 38 semi-structured interviews (15 women users, 10 companions, 10 visitors of the women at homes), 4 FGDs (women and companions) |
Kaiser, 2019 | Zambia | 10 rural health centres and 10 MWHs | Longitudinal qualitative study: 94 IDIs (nurses, midwives, non-skilled birth attendants, in-charge, district health officers) |
Kebede, 2020 | Ethiopia | Eight MWHs | Qualitative study: four FGDs (MWH users) and 18 IDIs (clinicians, HEWs, MWH non-users), observations of MWHs using checklists and field notes |
Kyokan, 2016 | Sierra Leone | 10 MWHs | Qualitative study: two FGDs (non-users), IDIs (eight users, four non-users), KIIs (one HPA manager, four BWH hosts, one assistant community leader, one community health volunteer, one community health volunteer and village development committee), document review, assessment of MWHs |
Lori, 2013a | Liberia | Four catchment areas with MWHs | Qualitative study: eight FGDs (MWH users, MWH non-users, family members of MWH users, or family members of non-MWH users) and 12 IDIs (10 clinic staff, one NGO staff, one Ministery of Health and Social Welfare staff) |
Lori, 2013b | Liberia | Five health facilities with an MWH, five without an MWH | Mixed-method study: FGDs (46 traditional midwives) and logbook data collection |
Lori, 2016 | Zambia | Five health facilities with MWHs and 10 health facilities without MWHs | Qualitative study: IDI with semi-structured interview guide and 47 FGDs (46 community leaders and 500 SMAGs, husbands and women of childbearing age) |
Lori, 2017 | Liberia | Six MWHs: five receiving the newly built MWH intervention | Mixed-method study: secondary analysis of patient satisfaction and 60 semi-structured interviews (16 TBAs, five community midwives, 38 MWH users) |
Lori, 2020 | Liberia | 119 MWHs (all MWHs in Liberia) | Mixed-method study: 113 IDIs (health providers), 115 FGDs (196 MWH users, 298 MWH non-users, 205 male partners, 82 chiefs, 163 community leaders, 221 TBAs), logbook reviews, Geographic Information System |
Med solidar | Mozambique, Chiure | One MWH | Mixed-method study: semi-structured interviews, IDIs and FGDs (730 MWH users and non-users) |
Mramba, 2010 | Kenya | One MWH | Mixed-method study: 30 IDIs (MWH users) |
Pujiharti, 2019 | Indonesia | One MWH | Qualitative study: nine IDIs and FGDs (two MWH users, six health workers, two NGO members), observation study of relevant documents |
Ruiz, 2013 | Guatemala | Two MWHs | Qualitative study: 48 IDIs (18 MWH users, influential family members, four community leaders, five MWH administrative medical staff, seven comadronas, two medical staff from health centres, one district-level representative, six medical personnel from hospitals |
Schooley, 2009 | Guatemala | One MWH | Qualitative study: IDIs and three FGDs (21 MWH users and TBAs, 17 female advocates of the MWH, 12 male advocates, including spouses, NGO staff and community health workers), observations |
Scott, 2018 | Zambia | Four MWHs | Mixed-method study: 17 FGDs (33 women, 32 men, 38 TBA/SMAG, 32 mothers-in-law), 38 KIIs (16 health facility staff, nine CHWs, four traditional leaders, five community leaders, four community members), FL (59 women, 53 men and 55 elders) |
Shresta, 2007 | Nepal | Seven PHI: four sub-health posts, two health posts, and one PHCC | Qualitative study: 18 IDIs (MWH non-users) and 28 FDGs (communities, staff and chairpersons of management committee of health institutions) |
Sialubanje, 2015 | Zambia | One MWH and two health facilities without MWH | Qualitative study: 32 IDIs (six MWH users and 24 non-users) |
Sialubanje, 2016 | Zambia | Seven different health centers, villages, and families | Qualitative study: 24 IDIs (11 male partners of MWH users and 13 male partners of non-users) |
Sitefane, 2013 | Mozambique | Nine MWHs | Qualitative study: 32 FGDs (women in reproductive age, community leaders (men) and their counsellors) |
Sri Hilmi, 2020 | Indonesia | Two subdistricts with MWHs | Qualitative study: IDIs and FGDs (10 MWH non-users) |
Sundu, 2017 | Malawi | One hospital | Qualitative study: IDIs (15 MWH users) |
Suwedi-Kapesa, 2018 | Malawi | Three MWHs | Qualitative study: with six IDIs (health workers (three nurses, midwife, technicians), three guards and four FGDs (27 MWH users) |
Tiruneh, 2016 | Ethiopia | MWHs | Mixed-method study: 21 IDIs and surveys with open-ended questions (14 MWH users, six male partners of MWH users) |
Urwin, 2017 | Malawi | One MWH | Qualitative study: 6 IDIs and one FGD (six MWH users) |
Van Rijn, 2013 | Tanzania | One MWH | Mixed-method study: 25 semi-structured interviews (10 MWH users, eight MWH non-users, seven health workers) |
Vermeiden, 2018 | Ethiopia | One MWH | Mixed-methods study: FGDs (28 MWH users), seven IDIs (staff and users), document review |
Vermeiden, 2019 | Ethiopia | One MWH | Qualitative study: 33 IDIs and five FGDs (43 community members and 31 health workers) |
Vian, 2017 | Zambia | Four health facilities with MWHs and villages in each catchment area | Mixed-methods study: 16 FGDs (135 women who gave birth in the past 24Â months, men with child under 24Â months and community elders) |
Wester, 2018 | Ethiopia | Afar Regional Health Bureau | Qualitative study: 12 IDIs (health workers and gender experts with a formal university education) |
Wilson, 1997 | Ghana | One MWH | Qualitative study: 20 FGDs (57 community men, 52 community women, 14 trained TBAs, 24 hospital staff, eight Ghana Private Road Transport Union executives, eight relatives of women admitted with complications |