Table 1 Characteristics of the selected studies on teenage pregnancy (N=28)

#1

[55]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional.

Contributing variables to teenage pregnancy among female adolescents in Nigeria.

Akoko districts of Ondo State, Southwest

720 pregnant teenagers aged 13-20 years

N/A

Lack of Sexuality Education/Peer Pressure/ Parental Guidance/Media Influence

NA

#2

(O. Alenkhe and J. Akaba 2013)

Mix: Methods: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey / Unspecified Qualitative Method.

Teenage pregnancy in Benin city: causes and consequences for future national leaders.

Benin City of Edo state, south south

300 pregnant teenagers

<18 years.

12%

Early marriage/ Socioeconomic Status of parents/Peer Influence/Poor Parenting/Unprotected Sex/Religious Affiliation

NA

#3

[1]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Unintended pregnancy and childbearing among out-of-school unmarried young women living in Metropolitan city slums, South-West Nigeria.

South-West Nigeria

372 females 10-24 years

N/A

Carelessness and Non-use of contraceptives/ Parenting Failure/ Premarital Sex/ Covetousness/Peer pressure

NA

#4

[20]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Spatial distribution and factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria: A multi-analysis.

National Study

8448 of females aged 15–19.

N/A

Adolescent Age/ Age of sexual debut/ Education level/Marital status/Working Status /Ethnicity /Religion/ Media Exposure/ Place of residence (Urban/Rural)/ Wealth Index of parents/Sex of the head of the household/ Religion/Community Literacy Level/ Community Socioeconomic Status

NA

#5

[62]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional.

Teenage pregnancy prevalence, pattern and predisposing factors in a tertiary hospital, Southern Nigeria.

South Nigeria

198 Teenage girls 14-19 years.

1.5%.

Older partner/ Low level of education/ Early menarche/ Poor socioeconomic Background / Early Marriage/ Unemployment/ Contraceptive usage

NA

#6

[72]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional.

Teenage pregnancy and its influence on secondary school education in Nigeria.

Obio-Akpor L.G.A, Rivers State,South south

802 Teenage mothers between the ages of 11-18

77%

Education/Peer pressure / Media effect/ Rebellion/ Poverty/ Stability of family/ Alcohol and Drug use

NA

#7

[35]

Secondary Data Analysis of the DHS Data Sets

Trend analysis of teenage pregnancy in Nigeria (1961-2013): How effective is the contraceptive use campaign

National Study

70,811 women

<20 years

49.50%

Geographical zone of residence(rural/urban). / Religion/ Education attainment/marital status/ Wealth index/Age at the first marriage/Ethnicity

NA

#8

[8]

Secondary Data Analysis of the DHS Data Sets

Influence of Socio-economic factors on prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Nigeria.

National Study

8,448 Teenage girls < 20 years

19%.

Age. / Place of Residence (rural/Urban)/Religion/ Wealth index of parents/ Educational Attainment/ Marital status/ Employment status/ Visited health facility/ Ask about family planning at health facility

NA

#9

[51]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Contemporary factors of teenage pregnancy in rural communities of Abia state, Nigeria.

Abia State, Southeast

400 Adolescents girls aged 11-19 years

49%

Age. / Education/ Marital status/ Employment/Awareness of protective measures against pregnancy/ Parental influence/ Lifestyle and social factors

NA

#10

[46]

Mix: Methods: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey / key Informants Interviews.

Causative factors for sexual and reproductive health status of pregnant adolescent girls in urban communities in Lagos.

Lagos State, Southwest

46 Adolescents girl aged 16-19 years old.

5.60%

Peer Pressure. / Poor knowledge of contraceptives/ Curiosity

NA

#11

[6]

Secondary Data Analysis of the DHS Data Sets

Factors associated with teenage pregnancy and fertility in Nigeria.

National Study

6,591 Adolescent girls (<19 years).

7.5% (Currently Pregnant) / 24.1% (Pregnant in the 5 years preceding the survey).

Age/ Educational attainment/ Marital Status. /Religion/ Wealth Index/ of parent Place of residence/ Geographical Area

NA

#12

[31]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

Factors predisposing to teenage pregnancy among female adolescents in Isoko south local government area, Delta state, Nigeria.

Delta State,

South south

260 Female adolescents <19 years.

N/A.

Knowledge About Teenage Pregnancy. /Peer Influence/ Media Influence/ family support

NA

#13

[43]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Socio-demographic risk factors for unintended pregnancy among unmarried adolescent Nigerian girls.

National Study

6,591 adolescents’ girls (15-19 years).

7.50%

Age of Household Head/ Age of the teenage and Educational Attainment / Sex of the household head/ Place of Residence

NA

#14

[58]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Teenage pregnancy at a tertiary health institution in South-western Nigeria: Socio demographic correlates and obstetric outcome.

Southwest Nigeria

190 adolescents’ girls < 20 years

1.10%

Education attainment. / Marital Status/ Employment status/ Age

NA

#15

[32]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional.

Factors and conditions that influence teenage pregnancy among in-school adolescents in Umuahia North Local government area of Abia state, Nigeria.

Abia State,

Southeast

416 Adolescents girls aged 13-19.

45%.

Financial Gains/ Peer pressure/ Financial difficulties/ Lack of effective sex education/ rape/ Curiosity

NA

#16

[33]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Determinants and outcome of teenage pregnancy in a rural community in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Plateau State, North central

192 Adolescents aged 13-19 years old.

25.5%

Age. / Educational Attainment/Religion/ Marital Status/ Staying with parents/ Still in school/ Family Setting

NA

#17

[9]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Regional trends and socioeconomic predictors of adolescent pregnancy in Nigeria: A nationwide study.

National study

22,761 Women aged 15-19.

N/A

Types of residence. / State of Residence/ wealth Index of parent/Age of Respondents/ Educational Level/ Sex of head of the household/ Influence of the media(access to media)

NA

#18

[68]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

Intergenerational life courses of teenage pregnancy in Ogbomosho South-Western Nigeria.

Oyo state, Southwest Nigeria

300 Teenagers, both gender

43.50%

Sex of respondents. / Sex of the teenagers/ Age/ religion/ Educational attainment/ marital Status/ occupation/ Disobedience to parent / Low knowledge of sex education and protective methods/ Sexual Harassment/ Lack of parental care/ Financial problem/ Media influence/ No fear of God/Peer influence/ Hawking and laziness/ ignorance of puberty stage (behavioural factors)

Availability of free education

Youth forum on sex education

Abstinence from sex

Religious education

Limited family size/number of children

Good Parental counselling / proper monitoring and talk

#19

[47]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

Causes and effects of teenage pregnancy among female secondary students in Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State.

Rivers State,

South south

1,035 Adolescents girls aged 13-19 years old.

N/A

Lack of information. / Peer pressure/ Pressure from parent/ family of young girls to get married/

Non-use of contraceptive/ Financial and economic factors

Teenage girls’ education

Family Love and support for teenage girls

Teenage marriage

Sex Education in secondary schools

Security and avoidance of bad friends

#20

[17]

Comparative Cross-Sectional Survey.

Factors associate with teenage pregnancy and childbearing in Nigeria.

7,819 Adolescents girl aged 13-19.

N/A.

Age. / Education/ Age of the first sex/ Place of Residence/ Region/Religion/ Wealth status/ Marital Status/ type of marriage and family type

NA

#21

[10]

Qualitative approach

Teenage pregnancy in Nigeria: professional nurses and educators ‘perspective [version 1; peer review:2 approved]

80 nurses and teachers

N/A

Ignorance and lack of awareness on sexual education/ Covetousness/ Loneliness/ Low self-esteem / Religious belief /early marriage/ Societal and media pressure/Peer pressure/ Illiteracy/ Rape and incest / Social network / Lack of love or parental guidance/ living with grandparents or relatives/Negative parental Influence/ Polygamy/ Poverty/ Street hawking

Sex education campaigns

Sex education in School

Sex education in church

Abstinence from sex by teenagers

Preventative health strategies by using condoms

Youth programmes social clubs and groups

Provide skills training centres

Banning of blue/sex films

Religious upbringing

Education

Improve parents’ child communication

Self-discipline

Regulations on social media

#22

[53]

Cross-Sectional Survey.

Impact of Timing of sex education on teenage pregnancy in Nigeria: Cross- sectional Survey of secondary school students.

Anambra state

1,234 students

Both genders aged 14–17 years and 46 teachers

30%

Financial need/ Poor parental support/ Marital promise/ Peer pressure/ Ignorance/ rape/ sexual abuse/ lack of religious commitment/ Family instability/ Poor use of contraceptives

Early sexual education

#23

[34]

Qualitative approach

Causes, enablers, and perceived solution to teenage pregnancy: a qualitative study in a south –western state in Nigeria.

Ekiti state

Southwest Nigeria

25 students (13-19 years) and 8 teachers

23%

Poverty/ Peer pressure/ Child abuse/ Poor parental control.

Abstinence from sexual activities

Sex education

Governmental awareness programmes

Distribution of condoms in school

Cordial relationships between parents’ guardians and children

#24

[42]

Retrospective study

Socio-demographic determinants of teenage pregnancy in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.

Bayelsa state, south south

83 teenage girls 14-19 years

6.2%

Age/Educational status/Marital status/Low social class

NA

#25

[69]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

Community structure and timing of sexual activity among adolescent girls in Nigeria.

National study

8402 adolescents’ girls

<19 years

N/A

Wealth index of parent/Poverty/Gender inequality/community illiteracy level/Education attainment/Community affluence /Community level of women employment/Level of women education.

NA

#26

[59])

Qualitative (in depth interview)

“It’s like being involved in a car crash”: teen pregnancy narratives of adolescents and young adults in Jos, Nigeria

Plateau state

North central

17 adolescents and young women

16-24 years

8.2%

Lack of sexual and reproductive health education

NA

#27

[63]

Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

Unintended pregnancy and termination of studies among students in Anambra state, Nigeria: are secondary schools playing their part?

Anambra state

Southeast

1234 students (14-17 years) and 46 teachers

Both gender

N/A

Lack of sex education

Counselling, Abstinence from premarital sex, good company and joining of religious groups, Sex education, Proper parental upbringing, Adequate financial provision of female students, and Involvement of PTA advocacy group.

#28

[57]

Cross-Sectional Survey.

Socioeconomic inequalities in teenage pregnancy in Nigeria: evidence from Demographic Health Survey

National study

8423 of women

15-19 years

N/A

Teenage education level, Marital status, Religion, Occupation, Place of residence, Geopolitical zone, Wealth index quintiles, and exposure to information and communication technology (ICT) (frequency of watching television and use of internet)

NA