Table 2 Factors associated with timing of first ANC in Togo

Timing of first ANC visits

Age groups (15–24)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 25–34

1.06

[0.90,1.24]

0.98

[0.75,1.27]

1.00

[0.80,1.24]

 35–49

1.02

[0.85,1.22]

0.98

[0.72,1.33]

1.12

[0.89,1.41]

Education (no education)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Primary

1.50^***

[1.29,1.76]

1.40^*

[1.04,1.88]

1.30^**

[1.07,1.58]

1.07

[0.89,1.27]

1.30

[0.94,1.79]

1.02

[0.82,1.27]

 Secondary and higher

2.67^***

[2.27,3.15]

2.34^***

[1.76,3.12]

1.76^***

[1.39,2.22]

1.37^**

[1.11,1.69]

1.67^**

[1.20,2.33]

1.22

[0.92,1.62]

Religion (Christian)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Muslim

0.79^**

[0.67,0.93]

0.87

[0.68,1.10]

0.75^**

[0.59,0.94]

0.99

[0.82,1.20]

1.20

[0.90,1.60]

0.86

[0.66,1.12]

 Indigenous beliefs

0.42^***

[0.35,0.49]

0.42^***

[0.26,0.67]

0.57^***

[0.47,0.70]

0.78^*

[0.64,0.95]

0.74

[0.44,1.24]

0.73^**

[0.59,0.92]

Ethnicity (Adja-ewe/Mina)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Kabye/Tem

0.69^***

[0.59,0.82]

0.97

[0.74,1.26]

0.78^*

[0.62,0.99]

0.93

[0.75,1.15]

1.20

[0.87,1.64]

0.75

[0.56,1.01]

 Akposso/Akebou

0.98

[0.70,1.37]

1.64

[0.85,3.17]

1.14

[0.76,1.72]

1.24

[0.86,1.77]

1.64

[0.82,3.29]

1.02

[0.65,1.57]

 Ana-ife

0.89

[0.60,1.31]

0.35

[0.13,0.95]

1.52

[0.98,2.37]

1.21

[0.80,1.84]

0.42

[0.15,1.18]

1.41

[0.88,2.25]

 Para-gourma/Akan

0.49^***

[0.41,0.58]

0.73

[0.53,1.00]

0.62^***

[0.49,0.78]

0.96

[0.74,1.24]

1.00

[0.67,1.48]

0.84

[0.59,1.19]

 Other

0.41^***

[0.26,0.65]

0.92

[0.39,2.18]

0.43^**

[0.24,0.78]

0.69

[0.41,1.16]

1.45

[0.53,3.96]

0.51^*

[0.27,0.98]

 Non-togolese

1.17

[0.87,1.57]

0.88

[0.62,1.25]

1.41

[0.80,2.47]

0.98

[0.71,1.34]

0.88

[0.60,1.27]

1.41

[0.79,2.51]

Residence (Urban)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Rural

0.38^***

[0.33,0.44]

1.61^**

[1.16,2.22]

Region (Grande agglomération de Lomé)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Maritime

0.38^***

[0.30,0.49]

0.50^*

[0.29,0.88]

0.62^**

[0.45,0.86]

0.64

[0.36,1.16]

 Plateaux

0.40^***

[0.33,0.49]

0.48^***

[0.31,0.73]

1.05

[0.80,1.39]

0.65^**

[0.49,0.87]

0.50^**

[0.32,0.80]

1.15

[0.83,1.57]

 Centrale

0.39^***

[0.32,0.49]

0.58^**

[0.40,0.83]

0.96

[0.71,1.29]

0.65^**

[0.48,0.89]

0.59^*

[0.38,0.92]

1.27

[0.86,1.86]

 Kara

0.29^***

[0.23,0.36]

0.49^***

[0.31,0.76]

0.70^*

[0.51,0.95]

0.56^***

[0.40,0.77]

0.46^**

[0.28,0.76]

1.10

[0.75,1.63]

 Savanes

0.23^***

[0.19,0.28]

0.39^***

[0.25,0.60]

0.57^***

[0.43,0.76]

0.49^***

[0.35,0.69]

0.44^**

[0.26,0.75]

0.89

[0.58,1.36]

Health insurance (No)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

2.96^***

[2.19,3.98]

2.45^***

[1.63,3.67]

2.27^***

[1.41,3.66]

1.93^***

[1.39,2.67]

2.07^***

[1.33,3.22]

1.69^*

[1.02,2.79]

Parity (1–2)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 3–4

0.77^***

[0.66,0.90]

0.70^**

[0.55,0.88]

0.96

[0.77,1.18]

0.92

[0.78,1.09]

0.77

[0.60,1.00]

1.06

[0.85,1.33]

  > 4

0.54^***

[0.46,0.63]

0.46^***

[0.34,0.64]

0.82

[0.67,1.00]

0.91

[0.75,1.09]

0.63^*

[0.44,0.91]

1.06

[0.84,1.32]

Last child wanted (No)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.09

[0.83,1.42]

1.41

[0.96,2.07]

1.05

[0.72,1.54]

Currently employed (No)

ref

ref

ref

 Yes

0.90

[0.76,1.06]

0.94

[0.73,1.22]

0.99

[0.78,1.26]

Wealth index (Poorest)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Poorer

1.31^*

[1.05,1.63]

0.39

[0.05,2.77]

1.33^*

[1.07,1.66]

1.06

[0.83,1.34]

0.25

[0.03,1.92]

1.07

[0.84,1.37]

 Middle

1.41^**

[1.13,1.74]

0.13^*

[0.03,0.64]

1.51^***

[1.22,1.88]

1.03

[0.80,1.32]

0.06^***

[0.01,0.34]

1.12

[0.86,1.45]

 Richer

2.41^***

[1.96,2.96]

0.82

[0.24,2.83]

2.90^***

[2.08,4.03]

1.90^***

[1.35,2.67]

0.34

[0.09,1.27]

1.90^***

[1.29,2.78]

 Richest

5.24^***

[4.29,6.41]

1.87

[0.54,6.45]

7.88^***

[2.55,24.32]

3.46^***

[2.32,5.16]

0.56

[0.15,2.14]

5.69^**

[1.75,18.49]