Table 3 Factors associated with adequacy of ANC visits in Togo

Adequacy of ANC

Age groups (15–24)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 25–34

1.31^***

[1.13,1.51]

1.28

[0.95,1.71]

1.24^*

[1.04,1.48]

1.53^***

[1.27,1.84]

1.42^*

[1.02,1.96]

1.55^***

[1.23,1.94]

 35–49

1.06

[0.90,1.24]

1.10

[0.78,1.54]

1.10

[0.91,1.33]

1.61^***

[1.27,2.05]

1.79^*

[1.15,2.81]

1.54^**

[1.15,2.05]

Education (no education)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Primary

1.56^***

[1.36,1.78]

1.39^*

[1.03,1.87]

1.40^***

[1.20,1.64]

1.24^**

[1.06,1.45]

1.36

[0.98,1.88]

1.24^*

[1.03,1.48]

 Secondary and higher

2.72^***

[2.32,3.20]

2.37^***

[1.74,3.23]

1.95^***

[1.58,2.40]

1.73^***

[1.41,2.12]

1.92^***

[1.34,2.77]

1.67^***

[1.30,2.15]

Religion (Christian)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Muslim

0.86

[0.74,1.01]

0.88

[0.67,1.15]

0.88

[0.73,1.07]

1.03

[0.86,1.23]

1.09

[0.79,1.51]

0.99

[0.79,1.23]

 Indigenous beliefs

0.47^***

[0.41,0.54]

0.53^**

[0.35,0.81]

0.60^***

[0.52,0.71]

0.75^***

[0.64,0.88]

0.88

[0.55,1.42]

0.72^***

[0.60,0.86]

Ethnicity (Adja-ewe/Mina)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Kabye/Tem

0.74^***

[0.64,0.87]

1.02

[0.76,1.38]

0.85

[0.69,1.04]

0.88

[0.72,1.08]

1.14

[0.80,1.64]

0.78

[0.60,1.01]

 Akposso/Akebou

0.86

[0.63,1.20]

1.27

[0.57,2.82]

1.03

[0.71,1.50]

1.15

[0.81,1.64]

1.30

[0.57,2.97]

1.04

[0.70,1.56]

 Ana-ife

0.67^*

[0.46,0.96]

0.40^*

[0.18,0.91]

0.98

[0.64,1.49]

0.90

[0.60,1.33]

0.52

[0.22,1.26]

0.99

[0.63,1.54]

 Para-gourma/Akan

0.59^***

[0.50,0.69]

1.14

[0.79,1.64]

0.71^***

[0.58,0.86]

1.15

[0.90,1.47]

1.30

[0.83,2.05]

1.09

[0.81,1.48]

 Other

0.61^**

[0.43,0.88]

0.73

[0.29,1.81]

0.79

[0.53,1.18]

1.02

[0.67,1.54]

0.97

[0.36,2.61]

0.96

[0.60,1.54]

 Non-togolese

1.08

[0.80,1.47]

0.86

[0.59,1.26]

1.01

[0.60,1.72]

0.91

[0.66,1.26]

0.91

[0.61,1.37]

0.97

[0.56,1.67]

Residence (Urban)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Rural

0.39^***

[0.34,0.45]

1.04

[0.76,1.42]

Region (Grande agglomération de Lomé)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Maritime

0.50^***

[0.39,0.63]

0.86

[0.47,1.54]

0.98

[0.70,1.35]

0.91

[0.49,1.69]

 Plateaux

0.38^***

[0.31,0.46]

0.49^***

[0.33,0.74]

0.78

[0.61,1.00]

0.74^*

[0.55,0.99]

0.50^**

[0.32,0.78]

0.79

[0.60,1.04]

 Centrale

0.50^***

[0.41,0.63]

0.89

[0.59,1.33]

0.96

[0.74,1.24]

0.96

[0.70,1.32]

0.91

[0.56,1.48]

1.01

[0.72,1.42]

 Kara

0.40^***

[0.32,0.50]

0.73

[0.46,1.15]

0.79

[0.61,1.02]

0.89

[0.65,1.23]

0.74

[0.44,1.25]

0.94

[0.67,1.31]

 Savanes

0.28^***

[0.23,0.34]

0.80

[0.51,1.25]

0.55^***

[0.44,0.70]

0.63^**

[0.45,0.88]

0.95

[0.54,1.68]

0.60^*

[0.42,0.86]

Health insurance (No)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

2.70^***

[1.87,3.90]

2.87^***

[1.56,5.30]

1.78^*

[1.09,2.89]

1.52^*

[1.03,2.24]

2.10^*

[1.10,4.00]

1.19

[0.72,1.98]

Parity (1–2)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 3–4

0.80^**

[0.69,0.93]

0.94

[0.72,1.24]

0.82^*

[0.69,0.98]

0.78^**

[0.65,0.94]

0.94

[0.68,1.29]

0.72^**

[0.58,0.90]

  > 4

0.60^***

[0.52,0.69]

0.43^***

[0.31,0.59]

0.83^*

[0.70,0.98]

0.76^*

[0.61,0.94]

0.49^***

[0.32,0.76]

0.82

[0.64,1.07]

Last child wanted (No)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.16

[0.92,1.47]

1.75^**

[1.19,2.57]

1.08

[0.80,1.47]

1.26

[0.98,1.64]

1.44

[0.93,2.23]

1.11

[0.80,1.53]

Currently employed (No)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Yes

1.13

[0.96,1.32]

1.20

[0.90,1.59]

1.23^*

[1.01,1.50]

1.31^**

[1.11,1.55]

1.27

[0.93,1.73]

1.35^**

[1.09,1.66]

Wealth index (Poorest)

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

 Poorer

1.24^*

[1.05,1.48]

2.10

[0.38,11.59]

1.24^*

[1.04,1.47]

1.07

[0.89,1.30]

1.54

[0.26,8.95]

1.03

[0.85,1.25]

 Middle

1.33^***

[1.12,1.58]

2.01

[0.53,7.62]

1.33^***

[1.12,1.59]

1.02

[0.83,1.25]

1.89

[0.47,7.52]

0.99

[0.80,1.22]

 Richer

2.70^***

[2.24,3.26]

4.30^*

[1.24,14.87]

2.96^***

[2.10,4.16]

1.78^***

[1.29,2.45]

3.34

[0.90,12.36]

1.77^**

[1.21,2.59]

 Richest

4.09^***

[3.34,5.02]

6.82^**

[1.97,23.60]

1.70

[0.55,5.23]

2.19^***

[1.48,3.24]

4.04^*

[1.07,15.24]

0.83

[0.25,2.68]