Table 4 Multilevel binary logistic regression models

Intercept

0.10 (0.02)***

0.10 (0.02)***

0.07 (0.02)***

0.06 (0.01)***

0.10 (0.02)***

0.10 (0.03)***

0.08 (0.01)***

0.07 (0.02)***

0.07 (0.23)***

Individual characteristics

Age group

 Parenting adolescents (age 15–19)

1

1

1

 Parenting young women (age 20–24)

0.80 (0.08)*

0.79 (0.08)*

0.70 (0.07)**

0.77 (0.09)*

0.78 (0.09)*

0.78 (0.10)*

0.79 (0.08)*

0.78 (0.08)*

0.81 (0.09)

Place of residence

 Urban

1

1

1

 Rural

0.97 (0.09)

1.37 (0.18)*

1.02 (0.11)

Current marital status

 Never married

1

1

1

 Cohabiting or ever married

0.69 (0.07)***

1.53 (0.26)*

1.30 (0.17)*

Total children ever born

 One

1

1

1

 Two or more

1.59 (0.12)***

1.04 (0.10)

0.76 (0.06)**

Occupation

 Formal employment

1

1

1

 Agricultural employment

1.01 (0.11)

0.91 (0.13)

0.90 (0.11)

 Unskilled manual worker and other

1.01 (0.13)

0.87 (0.16)

0.85 (0.12)

 Unemployed

0.93 (0.09)

1.06 (0.13)

0.83 (0.08)

Wealth index

 Poorest

1

1

1

 Poorer

1.07 (0.12)

0.78 (0.10)

1.07 (0.13)

 Middle

0.88 (0.11)

0.75 (0.11)*

1.03 (0.13)

 Richer

1.04 (0.13)

0.70 (0.11)*

0.97 (0.13)

 Richest

1.05 (0.15)

0.71 (0.13)

1.40 (0.21)*

Highest educational level

 No education

1

1

1

 Primary

1.52 (0.25)*

1.13 (0.18)

0.99 (0.15)

 Secondary or higher

1.92 (0.32)***

0.92 (0.16)

1.01 (0.16)

Religion

 Christianity

1

1

1

 Non-Christians

0.81 (0.10)

0.87 (0.13)

0.61 (0.09)***

Country-level characteristic

Selected SSA countries

 Angola

1

1

1

 Burundi

1.12 (0.37)

1.73 (0.61)

0.89 (0.32)

0.60 (0.24)

0.41 (0.22)

0.40 (0.22)

 Benin

1.51 (0.48)

2.33 (0.76)*

0.71 (0.28)

0.55 (0.23)

1.95 (0.68)

2.0 (0.72)

 Ethiopia

0.29 (0.10)***

0.47 (0.16)*

0.10 (0.05)***

0.07 (0.03)***

1.07 (0.32)

1.10 (0.35)

 Ghana

3.95 (1.07)***

4.75 (1.31)***

0.57 (0.23)

0.45 (0.19)

0.60 (0.28)

0.61 (0.28)

 Guinea

0.27 (0.13)**

0.46 (0.23)

0.86 (0.30)

0.77 (0.29)

0.64 (0.27)

0.90 (0.40)

 Kenya

1.83 (0.44)*

2.13 (0.52)**

0.27 (0.09)***

0.20 (0.07)***

1.28 (0.37)

1.29 (0.38)

 Lesotho

2.61 (0.74)**

2.98 (0.87)***

1.06 (0.36)

0.90 (0.32)

1.59 (0.56)

1.46 (0.53)

 Malawi

0.35 (0.09)***

0.44 (0.11)**

0.49 (0.12)**

0.31 (0.08)***

2.01 (0.52)**

2.11 (0.58)**

 Mali

0.91 (0.33)

1.53 (0.60)

1.44 (0.48)

1.20 (0.45)

1.04 (0.43)

1.61 (0.71)

 Mozambique

0.79 (0.25)

0.92 (0.29)

1.23 (0.36)

0.99 (0.30)

0.54 (0.22)

0.55 (0.23)

 Namibia

3.84 (0.91)***

3.87 (0.95)***

0.54 (0.17)*

0.52 (0.17)*

1.06 (0.33)

1.20 (0.38)

 Niger

0.21 (0.09)***

0.40 (0.19)

0.34 (0.13)**

0.26 (0.11)**

0.75 (0.27)

1.19 (0.47)

 Nigeria

2.16 (0.56)**

2.51 (0.68)**

0.70 (0.23)

0.59 (0.20)

1.14 (0.38)

1.21 (0.41)

 Rwanda

0.97 (0.28)

1.23 (0.38)

0.07 (0.05)***

0.05 (0.04)***

2.09 (0.63)*

2.0 (0.63)*

 Senegal

0.23 (0.10)**

0.37 (0.17)*

1.88 (0.51)*

1.60 (0.51)

0.70 (0.26)

1.10 (0.43)

 South Africa

1.11 (0.34)

1.28 (0.43)

0.47 (0.18)

0.56 (0.25)

1.98 (0.63)*

3.71 (1.32)***

 Zimbabwe

1.71 (0.41)*

1.95 (0.48)**

0.48 (0.14)*

0.33 (0.10)***

1.93 (0.54)*

1.94 (0.55)*

 Uganda

0.96 (0.23)

1.11 (0.27)

0.93 (0.23)

0.64 (0.17)

0.76 (0.21)

0.75 (0.22)

 Tanzania

1.34 (0.33)

2.04 (0.57)*

0.41 (0.12)**

0.35 (0.12)**

1.16 (0.34)

1.81 (0.60)

 Burkina Faso

1.14 (0.35)

1.98 (0.64)*

0.48 (0.19)

0.40 (0.17)*

0.54 (0.23)

0.63 (0.28)

 Zambia

0.91 (0.22)

1.03 (0.26)

0.72 (0.19)

0.50 (0.14)*

1.39 (0.38)

1.42 (0.40)

Random effects

 Intercept variance

0.62 (0.21)

3.38e-34 (1.26e-18)

9.47e-34 (2.19e-18)

0.38 (0.14)

7.95e-34 (2.45e-18)

4.37e-33 (6.07e-18)

0.15 (0.06)

6.76e-34 (1.90e-18)

1.93e-33 (3.10e-18)

Model Fit

 -2log-likelihood

6,374.21

6,287.27

6,220.75

4,381.43

4,312.49

4,266.43

5,972.23

5,914.90

5,865.36