Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants

Age (year)

33.77 ± 5.79

Energy intake (kcal)

3151.04 ± 630.62

BMI (kg/m²)

25.66 ± 4.79

WC (cm)

93.71 ± 12.33

Fat mass (%)

22.97 ± 8.15

Muscle mass (%)

37.16 ± 4.69

Visceral fat (%)

8.44 ± 4.34

Sperm concentration (million/ml)

36.08 ± 28.71

Sperm volume (ml)

3.40 ± 1.66

Sperm motility progressive (n)

30.82 ± 15.14

Sperm motility non-progressive (n)

10.77 ± 6.12

Sperm motility immotile (n)

58.58 ± 16.13

Sperm morphology (micrometer)

2.61 ± 1.67

Smoking, yes (%)

82 (37.6%)

Physical activity, N (%)

 Low

61 (28%)

 Moderate

116 (57.4%)

 High

25 (12.4%)

BMI categories

 Normal weight (BMI < 25)

93 (47.7)

 Overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25)

102 (52.3)