Table 2 Hierarchical logistic regression for the study

Maternal factors

 Age

  15–19

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  20–24

0.99

[0.66–1.47]

1.01

[0.67–1.51]

  25–29

1.03

[0.69–1.53]

1.04

[0.69–1.55]

  30–34

1.11

[0.74–1.67]

1.08

[0.72–1.63]

  35–39

0.90

[0.59–1.38]

0.85

[0.56–1.31]

  40–44

1.08

[0.69–1.69]

1.03

[0.66–1.62]

  45–49

0.94

[0.56–1.57]

0.90

[0.53–1.51]

 Education

  No education

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Primary

1.18

[0.95–1.47]

1.20

[0.96–1.48]

  Secondary/higher

1.29*

[1.04–1.60]

1.30*

[1.05–1.61]

 Wealth status

  Poor

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Middle

1.15

[0.96–1.37]

1.14

[0.95–1.36]

Rich

1.26*

[1.04–1.52]

1.24*

[1.03–1.50]

 Employment

  Professional/managerial

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Clerical

0.94

[0.78–1.13]

0.97

[0.80–1.17]

  Sales

0.70*

[0.51–0.96]

0.71*

[0.52–0.97]

  Services

0.84

[0.66–1.07]

0.87

[0.69–1.12]

  Manual

0.91

[0.72–1.14]

0.93

[0.74–1.17]

  Agricultural

0.66

[0.13–3.28]

0.59

[0.11–3.06]

 Religion

  Christian

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Muslim

0.85

[0.70–1.02]

0.84

[0.70–1.02]

  Traditional

1.12

[0.45–2.76]

1.17

[0.50–2.92]

  Other

9.28***

[4.57–18.87]

8.63***

[4.24–17.56]

 Residence

  Urban

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Rural

0.83**

[0.73–0.95]

0.84*

[0.74–0.96]

 Region

  North central

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  North east

0.86

[0.67–1.12]

0.89

[0.69–1.15]

  North west

1.20

[0.93–1.53]

1.22

[0.95–1.56]

  South east

3.02***

[2.46–3.72]

3.09***

[2.51–3.81]

  South south

5.99***

[4.86–7.37]

6.10***

[4.95–7.52]

  South west

0.99

[0.80–1.24]

1.02

[0.82–1.28]

 Parity

  One birth

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Two births

0.75**

[0.61–0.92]

0.75**

[0.61–0.92]

  Three births

0.88

[0.71–1.08]

0.89

[0.72–1.10]

  Four births

0.76*

[0.60–0.95]

0.77*

[0.61–0.97]

  Five or more births

0.87

[0.69–1.08]

0.91

[0.72–1.14]

 Access to mass media

  No

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Yes

1.30***

[1.14–1.48]

1.31***

[1.15–1.50]

 Health decision making

  Alone

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Respondent and partner

0.97

[0.82–1.16]

0.98

[0.82–1.17]

  Others

0.91

[0.75–1.10]

0.93

[0.77–1.13]

 Place of delivery

  Home

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  Health facility

2.04***

[1.76–2.37]

1.93***

[1.66–2.25]

Others

1.91***

[1.33–2.75]

1.95***

[1.36–2.81]

 ANC visits

  < 8 visits

Ref.

1,1

Ref.

1,1

  ≥ 8 visits

0.71***

[0.62–0.82]

0.69***

[0.60–0.80]

Child factors

 Twin status

  Single birth

Ref.

1,1

  Multiple births

1.69**

[1.21–2.36]

Size of child at birth

  Large

Ref.

1,1

  Average

1.36***

[1.20–1.55]

  Small

1.46***

[1.21–1.77]

 Delivery by caesarean section

  No

Ref.

1,1

  Yes

2.50***

[1.97–3.18]