Table 2 Characteristics of cases (stillbirths) and controls (live births), 2017–2020 NMCHC, Cambodia (n = 1876)
Independent variable | Live birth | Stillbirth | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Maternal characteristics and birth history | ||||||
Maternal age (years) | ||||||
< 20 | 60 | 6.4 | 82 | 8.7 | 142 | 7.6 |
20–34 | 733 | 78.1 | 644 | 68.7 | 1377 | 73.4 |
35 + | 145 | 15.5 | 212 | 22.6 | 357 | 19.0 |
Residence | ||||||
Urban | 690 | 73.6 | 637 | 67.9 | 1327 | 70.7 |
Semi-rural | 197 | 21.0 | 240 | 25.6 | 437 | 23.3 |
Rural | 51 | 5.4 | 61 | 6.5 | 112 | 6.0 |
Parity | ||||||
Nulliparity | 421 | 44.9 | 409 | 43.6 | 830 | 44.2 |
1 | 304 | 32.4 | 268 | 28.6 | 572 | 30.5 |
2 + | 213 | 22.7 | 261 | 27.8 | 474 | 25.3 |
History of stillbirth | ||||||
No | 926 | 98.7 | 904 | 96.4 | 1830 | 97.6 |
Yes (1 or more) | 12 | 1.3 | 34 | 3.6 | 46 | 2.5 |
History of miscarriage/abortion | ||||||
No | 601 | 64.1 | 591 | 63.0 | 1192 | 63.5 |
Yes | 337 | 35.9 | 347 | 37.0 | 684 | 36.5 |
History of premature birth | ||||||
No | 930 | 99.2 | 927 | 98.8 | 1857 | 99.0 |
Yes | 8 | 0.9 | 11 | 1.2 | 19 | 1.0 |
History of caesarean birth | ||||||
No | 840 | 89.6 | 880 | 93.8 | 1720 | 91.7 |
Yes | 98 | 10.5 | 58 | 6.2 | 156 | 8.3 |
Fetal factors | ||||||
Gestational age | ||||||
Extremely preterm < 28 weeks | 4 | 0.43 | 69 | 7.36 | 73 | 3.89 |
Very preterm 28–31 weeks | 22 | 2.35 | 134 | 14.29 | 156 | 8.32 |
Moderate to late preterm 32–36 weeks | 68 | 7.25 | 150 | 15.99 | 218 | 11.62 |
Term 37–40 weeks | 407 | 43.39 | 125 | 13.33 | 532 | 28.36 |
41 + weeks | 76 | 8.1 | 30 | 3.2 | 106 | 5.65 |
Missing | 361 | 38.49 | 430 | 45.84 | 791 | 42.16 |
Gestational age | ||||||
Extremely or very preterm < 32 weeks | 26 | 2.77 | 203 | 21.64 | 229 | 12.21 |
Moderate to late preterm 32–36 weeks | 68 | 7.25 | 150 | 15.99 | 218 | 11.62 |
Term 37+ weeks | 483 | 51.49 | 155 | 16.52 | 638 | 34.01 |
Missing | 361 | 38.49 | 430 | 45.84 | 791 | 42.16 |
Birthweight | ||||||
< 1500 g | 27 | 2.88 | 334 | 35.81 | 361 | 19.24 |
1500–2499 g | 136 | 14.5 | 323 | 34.43 | 459 | 24.5 |
2500–3999 g | 748 | 79.7 | 251 | 26.76 | 999 | 53.3 |
+ 4000 g | 27 | 2.9 | 30 | 3.2 | 57 | 3.0 |
Size at birth | ||||||
Small for gestational age | 60 | 6.4 | 268 | 28.6 | 328 | 17.48 |
Appropriate for gestational age | 487 | 51.92 | 203 | 21.6 | 690 | 36.78 |
Large for gestational age | 30 | 3.2 | 37 | 3.9 | 67 | 3.57 |
Missing | 361 | 38.49 | 430 | 45.8 | 567 | 42.16 |
Sex of baby | ||||||
Female | 441 | 47.0 | 450 | 48.0 | 891 | 47.5 |
Male | 497 | 53.0 | 488 | 52.0 | 985 | 52.5 |
Congenital malformation | ||||||
Yes | 3 | 0.3 | 110 | 11.7 | 113 | 6.0 |
No | 935 | 99.7 | 828 | 88.3 | 1,763 | 94.0 |
Obstetric factors | ||||||
Presentation of baby | ||||||
Vertex | 867 | 92.4 | 694 | 74.0 | 1,561 | 83.2 |
Breech, transverse or face | 71 | 7.6 | 244 | 26.0 | 315 | 16.8 |
Mode of birth | ||||||
Vaginal | 608 | 64.8 | 718 | 76.6 | 1,326 | 70.7 |
Caesarean | 310 | 33.1 | 201 | 21.4 | 511 | 27.2 |
Indication for CS was fetal death | 0 | 0.0 | 26 | 12.9 | 26 | 5.1 |
Vacuum assisted | 20 | 2.1 | 19 | 2.0 | 39 | 2.1 |
Resuscitation attempted | ||||||
Yes | 395 | 42.1 | 64 | 6.8 | 459 | 24.5 |
No | 543 | 57.9 | 874 | 93.2 | 1,417 | 75.5 |
Maternal history of medical conditions | ||||||
Abnormal vaginal discharge | ||||||
Yes | 182 | 19.4 | 231 | 24.6 | 413 | 22.0 |
No | 756 | 80.6 | 707 | 75.4 | 1463 | 78.0 |
Hypertension/oedema | ||||||
Yes | 18 | 1.9 | 20 | 2.1 | 38 | 2.0 |
No | 920 | 98.1 | 918 | 97.9 | 1,838 | 98.0 |