The effects of reproductive variables on child mortality in Ethiopia: evidence from demographic and health surveys from 2000 to 2016

Debere, Hailu Refera; Adjiwanou, Visseho

doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01734-5

Reproductive Health

Table 2 Number of births and percent distributions of deaths by covariates and years

From: The effects of reproductive variables on child mortality in Ethiopia: evidence from demographic and health surveys from 2000 to 2016

	EDHS_2000		EDHS_2005		EDHS_2011		EDHS_2016
	Births (N)	Died (%)	Births (N)	Died (%)	Births (N)	Died (%)	Births (N)	Died (%)
Birth interval (months)
First birth	1362	11.45	1190	8.99	1399	4.72	1434	2.65
< 18	423	10.17	410	12.44	414	5.80	418	8.37
18–23	629	9.38	663	7.54	598	4.68	645	5.43
24–35	2410	6.76	1991	5.47	2201	4.95	1878	3.78
36–47	1667	5.58	1535	4.69	1600	4.38	1235	3.08
48 +	1399	6.08	1448	4.14	1602	3.37	1860	2.85
Birth order
1	1362	11.45	1190	8.99	1399	4.72	1434	2.65
2–3	2341	6.41	2082	5.04	2434	3.57	2247	3.47
4–6	2444	5.69	2365	4.82	2477	4.93	2336	3.00
7 +	1743	8.78	1600	7.75	1503	4.99	1452	5.79
Maternal age at birth (years)
< = 19	1011	9.79	992	10.18	945	5.19	835	3.95
20–34	5247	6.63	4884	5.12	5576	4.04	5340	3.18
35 +	1632	9.38	1361	7.27	1292	5.96	1295	5.10
Age at status at event or censor (months)
0	332	66.87	324	63.89	298	66.44	239	55.23
1–5	1074	11.55	1139	10.18	1208	5.05	1030	4.47
6–11	1205	9.96	1101	4.63	1137	2.99	1070	3.27
12–23	2150	4.05	1831	2.29	1863	1.66	1956	1.74
24–59	3129	1.50	2842	1.20	3306	0.82	3159	0.73
Wealth index
Poorest	1626	4.61	1501	5.46	1719	5.64	1632	3.92
Poorer	1665	6.73	1540	6.49	1681	4.88	1632	3.37
Middle	1652	9.93	1565	7.67	1619	3.77	1564	3.64
Richer	1598	8.45	1440	5.69	1459	3.77	1389	4.18
Richest	1349	8.38	1191	5.54	1335	4.27	1252	2.80
Maternal education
No education	6488	8.09	5673	6.43	5214	4.56	4718	4.03
Primary	983	5.60	1199	6.26	2239	4.69	2117	3.16
Secondary and above	418	4.78	367	3.00	361	2.22	635	2.05
Residence
Urban	897	8.36	631	5.71	1174	4.51	950	2.32
Rural	6993	7.51	6607	6.27	6640	4.49	6520	3.79
Child wanted
Then	4748	8.11	4551	7.01	5296	5.06	5488	3.41
Later	1544	4.66	1334	3.90	1661	2.65	1312	3.43
No more	1594	8.85	1345	5.58	854	4.57	670	5.67
Child sex
Male	4066	7.77	3738	6.90	4031	5.53	3869	4.68
Female	3824	7.43	3500	5.49	3783	3.38	3601	2.44
Tetanus
0	5740	8.22	4487	7.24	4146	4.80	3344	4.67
1–3	1890	5.87	2372	4.51	3294	4.31	3569	2.83
4 +	184	4.89	300	4.00	254	2.76	375	2.93
Place of delivery
Health facility	425	7.06	458	7.64	918	5.77	2355	2.51
Home	7446	7.60	6745	6.09	6863	4.34	5003	4.12
Others	18	11.11	29	3.45	29	0.00	112	4.46
ANC (antenatal care)
0	5730	7.80	5184	6.37	4457	4.64	2775	5.23
1–3	1296	8.02	1143	5.69	1835	4.74	2308	3.21
4 +	816	4.66	880	5.68	1495	3.81	2372	2.11
Water
Improved source	1248	8.01	4162	6.22	3657	3.88	4359	4.04
Others or not dejure	307	9.12	82	7.32	259	3.86	135	0.00
Unimproved source	6334	7.44	2993	6.18	3892	5.11	2976	3.13
Sanitation
Improved facility	36	16.67	682	6.01	1032	3.00	818	2.08
Others or not dejure	302	8.61	70	5.71	238	2.10	150	1.33
Unimproved facility	7551	7.51	6486	6.24	6543	4.81	6502	3.86
Mode of delivery
Caesarian section	56	8.93	84	9.52	142	7.75	171	8.77
Non-caesarian section	7824	7.59	7151	6.18	7671	4.43	7299	3.49
SBA (skilled birth assistance)
No	7068	7.72	7226	6.19	6209	4.41	5004	4.06
Yes	820	6.34	5	0.00	1600	4.81	2466	2.68
Region
Tigray	532	6.02	478	4.60	520	3.85	528	2.08
Afar	84	10.71	68	10.29	77	6.49	70	5.71
Amhara	2204	7.30	1843	7.92	1978	4.04	1605	3.24
Oromia	3024	7.84	2696	5.75	3077	4.78	3081	4.25
Somali	83	6.02	283	7.42	194	4.12	264	4.55
Benishangul	80	6.25	68	5.88	91	4.40	80	2.50
SNNP	1672	8.13	1614	5.45	1611	5.03	1577	3.23
Gambela	22	9.09	23	4.35	30	3.33	20	5.00
Harari	16	6.25	15	0.00	19	5.26	17	5.88
Addis Ababa	146	6.16	126	3.17	190	2.11	194	1.55
Dire Dawa	26	7.69	24	4.17	26	3.85	33	3.03

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