Table 1 Overview of peer-reviewed articles (n = 55) included in scoping review on sexual and reproductive health of urban forcibly displaced persons in low and middle-income countries

Abbasi-Kangevari et al. (2020) [30]

Tehran, Iran

Quantitative

n = 231, pregnant Syrian refugee women

Antenatal care

To assess the utilization of private and public antenatal care among Syrian refugees in Tehran

Agadjanian (1998) [31]

Maputo, Mozambique

Qualitative

n = 170, Internally displaced women

Reproductive behaviour

To examine the impact of internal displacement on reproductive and socio-economic behaviours

Al-Modallal (2016) [32]

Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa, Jordan

Quantitative

n = 238, Palestinian refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To identify the relationship between psychological, physical, and sexual partner violence and physical health problems in refugee women

Al-Modallal et al. (2015) [33]

Amman, Irbid, and Zarqa, Jordan

Quantitative

n = 300, Palestinian refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To examine the prevalence of IPV and identify demographic factors that increase risk or protection against IPV victimization among Palestinian women in Jordan

Bahamondes et al. (2022) [34]

Roraima, Brazil

Mixed Methods

N = 12,436 women who had given birth in Roraima, healthcare workers and policy makers

Antenatal care, postnatal care

To assess the availability and access to SRH services for Venezuelan migrants during COVID-19

Balsara et al. (2010)

Haripur, Pakistan

Quantitative

n = 634, Afghan refugee women

Reproductive tract disorders

To identify commonly occurring reproductive tract infections (RTIs), describe knowledge of women about RTIs, and assess physical and behavioural factors contributing to the development of RTIs

Benage et al. (2015) [35]

Lebanon

Quantitative

N = 420, pregnant Syrian refugee women

Antenatal care

To describe antenatal care access, the scope of existing antenatal care, and antenatal and family planning behaviors and practice among pregnant Syrian refugees in various living conditions and multiple geographic areas of Lebanon

Campbell et al. (2016) [36]

Port Au Prince, Haiti

Qualitative

N = 208, internally displaced Haitian women

SGBV/IPV

To determine the effect of GBV and its impacts on health among young women in Port Au Prince before and after the 2010 Haitian earthquake

Cardoso et al. (2016) [37]

Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Qualitative

n = 91, internally displaced and non-internally displaced men and women

SGBV/IPV

To examine the social and structural characteristics of the urban environment that contributed to the IPV experiences of women residing in post-conflict Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Dadras et al. (2020) [38]

Tehran, Iran

Qualitative

N = 30, pregnant Afghan refugee women

Antenatal care

To explore the potential barriers to prenatal care among Afghan women in Iran

Daw et al. (2022)

Libya

Quantitative

N = 4,539, internally displaced Libyan men and women

HIV

To determine the impact of conflict on HIV transmission and epidemiology among conflict affected Libyans

DeJong et al. (2017) [39]

Bar Elias and Qabelias, Lebanon

Qualitative

N = 118, Syrian refugee adolescents and their parents

SGBV/IPV

To understand the specific experiences of very young adolescents, those 10–14 years of age, in a protracted crisis context

Delkhosh et al. (2019) [40]

Semnan, Iran

Quantitative

N = 188, Afghan refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To determine the prevalence of IPV among Afghan refugee women in a settlement in Iran and its impact on reproductive health outcomes

Feseha et al. (2012) [41]

Tigray

Regional State, Ethiopia

Quantitative

N = 422, Eritrean refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To assess the magnitude of intimate partner physical violence and associated factors among women in Shimelba refugee camp, Northern Ethiopia

Hammoury et al. (2009) [42]

Sidon, Lebanon

Quantitative

N = 351, pregnant Palestinian refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To determine the factors associated with domestic violence against pregnant Palestinian refugee women residing in Lebanon and currently using the United Nation Relief and Work Agency's (UNRWA) primary healthcare services

Kabakian-Khasholian et al. (2017) [43]

Bekaa, Lebanon

Qualitative

N = unspecified, Syrian refugee women and healthcare providers

Family planning

To explore the perspectives of women and service providers about fertility behaviour of and service provision to Syrian refugee women

Khatoon et al. (2018) [44]

Nepal

Quantitative

N = 323, Bhutanese Refugees

HIV

To describe the socio-demographic characteristics, assess the utilization of HIV testing and counselling services, and to explore the reasons for the non-utilization of HIV testing and counselling services among the key populations at the Bhutanese refugee camps

Khawaja & Barazi (2005) [45]

Jordan

Quantitative

N = 395, refugee men and women

SGBV/IPV

To examine the similarity between men’s self-reports of violence and women’s reports of being subjected to domestic violence

Khawaja & Hammoury (2008) [46]

Sidon, Lebanon

Quantitative

N = 349, pregnant refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To examine the correlates of forced sexual intercourse among pregnant refugee women attending an antenatal clinic

Korri et al. (2021) [18]

Bourj Hammoud, Lebanon

Qualitative

N = 40, adolescent Syrian refugee girls

SRH literacy

To understand sexual and reproductive health perceptions and experiences among adolescent refugee girls in an urban setting

Krause et al. (2015)

Zaatri Camp and Irbid City, Jordan

Qualitative

N = 170, Syrian refugee women and key informants

Antenatal care, family planning, HIV, postnatal care, SGBV/IPV, SRH literacy, STIs

To determine the status of Minimum Initial Services Package (MISP) implementation for Syrian refugees in Jordan as part of a global evaluation of reproductive health in crises

Logie et al. (2019) (a) [47]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 333, displaced adolescent girls

SGBV/IPV

To examine the prevalence of young adulthood violence (YAV) and recent IPV among refugee and displaced adolescent girls, and the social factors associated at an intrapersonal, interpersonal, and community level

Logie et al. (2019) (b) [48]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 445, refugee and displaced adolescents

HIV

To assess the reliability of the SRH stigma scale while examining the gender differences in both HIV testing uptake and HIV service awareness and their association with stigma among urban and refugee youth living in Kampala's informal settlements

Logie et al. (2020) [49]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 445, refugee and displaced adolescents

STIs

To assess the prevalence of STI testing awareness, uptake, and diagnosis their impacting factors among urban refugee and displaced youth living in Kampala's informal settlements

Logie et al. (2021) (a) [13]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 412, refugee and displaced adolescents

HIV

To examine the relationships between HIV prevention and transactional sex among urban refugee and displaced youth in Kampala

Logie et al. (2021) (b) [50]

Kampala, Uganda

Qualitative

N = 44, refugee and displaced adolescents

HIV

To understand HIV testing experiences among urban refugee youth in Kampala, and their perspectives on HIV self-testing

Logie et al. (2021) (c) [51]

Kampala, Uganda

Qualitative

N = 44, refugee and displaced adolescents

HIV

To explore the experiences, preferences and engagement with HIV testing and prevention among urban refugee adolescents and youth in Kampala, Uganda, with a focus on the role of contextual factors in shaping access and uptake

Logie et al. (2022) (a) [24]

Kampala, Uganda

Qualitative

N = 44, refugee and displaced adolescents

HIV

To examine contextual factors that impact HIV testing and prevention based on the experiences of urban refugee and displaced adolescents and youth in Kampala

Logie et al. (2022) (b) [52]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 445, refugee adolescents

HIV, SGBV/IPV

To understand the interactions between frequent alcohol use, depression, and violence on HIV vulnerability among urban refugee youth

Logie et al. (2022) (c) [53]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 450, refugee adolescents

HIV

To examine the association of HIV testing and social contextual factors among urban refugee youth

López et al. (2010) [54]

Medellin, Colombia

Qualitative

N = 23, forcibly displaced women

HIV, STIs

To determine the social vulnerability to sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS in women forcibly displaced in Medellin

Malama et al. (2023) [55]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 333, refugee and displaced adolescent girls

Family planning

To determine the factors associated with motherhood among urban refugee adolescent girls and young women

Marquez-Lameda (2022) [56]

Peru

Quantitative

N = 3,378, Venezuelan migrant and refugee women

Family planning

To determine the influencing factors on Venezuelan migrant and refugee women's access to SRH services and contraceptive usage

Masterson et al. (2014) [57]

North

Lebanon and the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon

Quantitative

N = 452, Syrian refugee women

Gynecologic health

To increase understanding of reproductive health concerns in a conflict setting by assessing the experiences of displaced women in Lebanon who have recently fled from the conflict in Syria

Mendelsohn et al. (2012) [58]

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Quantitative

N = 301, refugee and asylum-seeking men and women, and host community members

HIV

HAART adherence and clinical outcomes among refugee and asylum seekers and local host community members in the same clinic in Kuala Lumpur

Mendelsohn et al. (2014) (a) [59]

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Quantitative

N = 301, refugee and asylum-seeking men and women, and host community members

HIV

To compare HIV treatment outcomes in refugees and host community members accessing HAART in the same clinic in Kuala Lumpur

Mendelsohn et al. (2014) (b) [60]

Kakuma, Kenya and Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

Qualitative

N = 26, refugee men and women

HIV

To document and examine accounts of the threats, barriers and facilitators experienced in relation to HIV treatment and care and to conduct comparisons across settings

Morof et al. (2014) [61]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 117, DR Congolese and Somalian refugee and asylum-seeking women

SGBV/IPV

Examine the prevalence of various types of violence among refugees and asylum seekers to determine the impact of GBV and mental illness on the public health system

Nabulsi et al. (2021)

Lebanon

Review

Syrian refugee women and girls

Family planning HIV, SGBV/IPV, STIs,

To explore the SRH response for Syrian refugee women and girls in Lebanon, with a focus on minimal initial service package (MISP) implementation

Okumu et al. (2022) [62]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 242, forcibly displaced adolescents

Family planning, sexting

To adapt a scale that examines psychometric properties of condom use experiences among forcibly displaced adolescents in Kampala, Uganda

Okumu et al. (2023) [63]

Kampala, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 242, forcibly displaced adolescents

Family planning

To identify the patterns of sexting among forcibly displaced adolescents in Kampala, Uganda

Olupot-Olupot et al. (2008) [64]

Teso, Northern Uganda

Qualitative

N = 51, conflict-affected HIV positive men and women, and healthcare workers

HIV

To determine patient and health worker concerns regarding antiretroviral adherence in a conflict-affected population

Pardhi et al. (2020) [65]

Mumbai, India

Qualitative

N = 15, pregnant migrant women with children under 2 y/o

Antenatal care

To examine the sanitation, hygiene and living conditions of migrants who were forced to leave their homes because of drought, focusing on the health problems of pregnant migrant women and their children

Patel et al. (2012) [17]

Gulu district, Uganda

Qualitative

N = 132, displaced adolescent girls and adult women

HIV, SRH literacy

To deepen the knowledge base on the distinct vulnerabilities of girls in time of conflict by qualitatively exploring the sexual vulnerabilities of adolescent girls surviving abduction and displacement in Northern Uganda

Patel et al. (2014) [66]

Gulu district, Uganda

Quantitative

N = 384, internally displaced adolescents and young adults

HIV

To assess the prevalence and correlates of HIV infection among young people living in post-conflict transition in Gulu District, northern Uganda

Rayamajhi et al. (2016) [67]

Eastern Nepal

Quantitative

N = 350, married Bhutanese refugee women

Family Planning

To find out the factors related

to use of family planning methods by married women of reproductive age in the Bhutanese Refugee camps of eastern Nepal

Roupetz et al. (2020) [68]

Beirut, Beqaa and Tripoli, Lebanon

Qualitative

N = 112, Syrian refugee women, men, and girls, Lebanese and Palestinian men, and community leaders

SGBV/IPV

To analyze the threats and experiences of SGBV among Syrian refugee women and girls who are integrated into their host communities and to provide a nuanced perspective of SGBV that includes insights from male community members

Schmitt et al. (2017)

Rakhine State,

Myanmar and Tripoli, Beirut and the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon

Qualitative

N = 265, displaced women and girls, and humanitarian staff

MHM

To explore the menstrual hygiene management barriers facing girls and women, and the various relevant sectoral responses being conducted

Sipsma et al. (2015) [69]

Rwanda

Quantitative

N = 548, ever married Congolese refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To examine patterns of conflict-related violence and intimate partner violence (IPV) and their associations with emotional distress among Congolese refugee women living in Rwanda

Tohme et al. (2016) (a) [70]

Beirut, Lebanon

Quantitative

N = 150, Palestinian, Iraqi, and Syrian refugee men who have sex with men (MSM)

HIV

To determine the prevalence and correlates of HIV testing and condom use among refugee MSM in Beirut

Tohme et al. (2016) (b) [71]

Beirut, Lebanon

Quantitative

N = 150, Palestinian, Iraqi, and Syrian refugee MSM

HIV

To examine the socio-demographic determinants of sexual risk behaviours and HIV testing among refugee MSM in Beirut

Yaman Sözbir et al. (2021) [72]

Turkey

Qualitative

N = 15, Syrian refugee women

Antenatal care, postnatal care

To describe the birth experiences of Syrian refugee women in Turkey

Wako et al. (2015) [73]

Rwanda

Quantitative

N = 548, ever married Congolese refugee women

SGBV/IPV

To describe the prevalence and correlates of past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) among displaced women

Wirtz et al. (2013) [74]

Addis Ababa, and Jijiga District, Ethiopia

Qualitative

N = 114, refugee women, and health protection and community service staff

SGBV/IPV

To identify the type, perpetrators, and location of gender-based violence among a population impacted by conflict

Wringe et al. (2019) [75]

Izmir, Turkey

Qualitative

N = 29, displaced adolescent and adult men and women

SGBV/IPV

To explore the risks of gender-based violence against Syrian adolescent girls and young

women in Turkey and examine how these risks are shaped by their displacement